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and microhaematuria&#44; with a progressive tendency to hypertension and oliguria leading to heart failure&#46; This was in the context of complete nephritic syndrome with the need for urgent haemodialysis and&#44; at that point&#44; further immunological studies were requested&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">During this whole process&#44; an autoimmunity study was requested with antinuclear antibodies &#40;ANA&#41;&#44; antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies &#40;ANCA&#41; and anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies &#40;anti-GBM&#41;&#46; They were negative&#44; showing a decrease in C3 0&#46;73 g&#47;l &#40;0&#46;90&#8211;1&#46;80&#41; with an increase in rheumatoid factor 67&#46;5 U&#47;l &#40;0&#8211;14&#41;&#46; In light of the above and with no improvement in kidney function in the context of established nephritic syndrome without a clear cause&#44; a kidney biopsy was performed &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; The biopsy report referred to a mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis &#40;GN&#41; with extracapillary proliferation &#40;cellular crescents&#41;&#44; with very positive IgM immunofluorescence with negative C3&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Given these findings&#44; an infectious process with an atypical presentation was suspected as the cause of the condition&#44; and taking into account the rural area of residence of the patient&#44; the diagnostic series was expanded with zoonosis serologies &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Coxiella</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bartonella henselae</span> &#40;BH&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Leptospira</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Borrelia</span>&#41;&#46; In the end&#44; positive serology for BH was obtained &#40;IgM and IgG titre 1&#47;256&#41;&#46; A blood polymerase chain reaction &#40;PCR&#41; was requested for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bartonella</span> twice&#44; which was negative in both cases&#46; The possibility of endocarditis was raised without a conclusive diagnosis after transoesophageal echocardiogram and positron emission tomography &#40;PET&#41;&#44; but it was finally decided to treat the condition as such&#44; with a regimen of doxycycline 100 mg and rifampicin 300 mg every 12 h for at least two weeks&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">After starting antibiotic therapy&#44; the patient&#39;s clinical condition and blood test results progressed favourably&#44; with improvement in kidney function&#44; and the haemodialysis sessions could be discontinued&#46; Additionally&#44; her levels of rheumatoid factor and C3 returned to normal &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46; Given the persistence of positive IgM for BH&#44; doxycycline was continued for six weeks&#46; Three months later&#44; the IgM was negative and the IgG was positive&#44; with a titre 1&#47;512 for BH with creatinine of 2&#46;52 mg&#47;dl and urea 111 mg&#47;dl&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This article has described a nephritic syndrome caused by a mesangiocapillary GN with cellular crescents secondary to an active BH infection&#44; with no similar cases found in the literature&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The clinical spectrum of BH infection is broad&#44; ranging from a latent and non-specific condition affecting the general state to cat-scratch disease and endocarditis with negative blood cultures&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5</span></a> It can even trigger immunological phenomena&#44; such as mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis&#44; which over several months can lead to extracapillary proliferation&#46; Immunological manifestations are usually related to the manifestation of the infection&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#8211;9</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The exceptional aspect of our case is that mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis was the only certain clinical manifestation of BH infection&#46; With this case we wanted to stress the importance of the medical history&#44; including patients&#39; personal information&#44; such as place of residence&#44; as all of this needs to be taken into account for the differential diagnosis and approach to acute kidney injury&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Funding</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No funding was received for this study&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "identificador" => "fig0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Fig&#46; 1"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Haematoxylin-eosin and Periodic Acid-Schiff &#40;PAS&#41; positive sample from a renal cast seen under an optical microscope&#46; In the image on the left&#44; two renal glomeruli can be seen&#44; showing a large extracellular growth containing numerous nuclei &#40;cellular crescent&#41; &#40;red arrows&#41;&#44; reducing the renal tuft &#40;green arrow&#41;&#46; The central image shows a glomerulus with a cellular crescent&#46; The image on the left shows positive IgM immunofluorescence&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">17 Aug&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">19 Aug&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">18 Sep&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">10 Nov&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">25 Nov&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">C3 g&#47;l&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;91&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;73&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;45&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;93&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">C4 g&#47;l&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Rheumatoid factor kU&#47;l&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                    0 => array:2 [
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                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
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                            1 => "A&#46;S&#46; Podoll"
                            2 => "K&#46;W&#46; Finkel"
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                    0 => array:2 [
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                      "Revista" => array:7 [
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Acute kidney injury&#58; epidemiology&#44; outcomes&#44; complications&#44; and therapeutic strategies"
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                      "titulo" => "The incidence of acute kidney injury and associated hospital mortality"
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                          "autores" => array:6 [
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                            1 => "D&#46; Schmidt"
                            2 => "J&#46; Hardt"
                            3 => "G&#46; Rauch"
                            4 => "P&#46; Gocke"
                            5 => "K&#46;U&#46; Eckardt"
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                      "doi" => "10.3238/arztebl.2019.0397"
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                      "doi" => "10.1128/CMR.14.1.177-207.2001"
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Letter to the Editor
A renal failure related to the feline world
Un fracaso renal relacionado con el mundo felino
Adriana M. Cavada-Bustamantea,c,
Corresponding author
, Clara Sanz Garcíaa, Natalia Menéndez Garcíaa, María Gago Frailea, Blanca Vivanco Allendeb, Joaquín Bande Fernándeza
a Nefrología, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), Oviedo, Spain
b Anatomía Patología, HUCA, Oviedo, Spain
c Nefrología, Hospital Universitario de Navarra, Pamplona
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        "titulo" => "Un fracaso renal relacionado con el mundo felino"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Haematoxylin-eosin and Periodic Acid-Schiff &#40;PAS&#41; positive sample from a renal cast seen under an optical microscope&#46; In the image on the left&#44; two renal glomeruli can be seen&#44; showing a large extracellular growth containing numerous nuclei &#40;cellular crescent&#41; &#40;red arrows&#41;&#44; reducing the renal tuft &#40;green arrow&#41;&#46; The central image shows a glomerulus with a cellular crescent&#46; The image on the left shows positive IgM immunofluorescence&#46;</p>"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Acute kidney injury &#40;AKI&#41; is one of the most common reasons for consultation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Although the most common aetiology is pre-renal&#44; there are geographical&#44; cultural and economic factors that can vary the most probable cause and the form of clinical presentation &#40;the spectrum of which can also be very broad&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> The hospital incidence is variable&#44; reaching close to 20&#37;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> AKI leads to an increased risk of death and a variable percentage of these patients do not recover their baseline renal function&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We present the case of an 80-year-old woman&#44; independent in activities of daily living &#40;IADL&#41; and living in a rural area&#46; She was diagnosed with high blood pressure&#44; anticoagulated paroxysmal atrial fibrillation&#44; chronic kidney disease stage 3a A1 of unknown ethiology without nephrology follow-up &#40;baseline creatinine of 1&#46;08 mg&#47;dl&#44; urea 68 mg&#47;dl and glomerular filtration rate &#91;GFR&#93; 49 ml&#47;min&#47;1&#46;76 m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41; and aortic stenosis operated on with a bioprosthetic valve three years earlier&#46; Her long-term treatment included bisoprolol&#44; lorazepam&#44; furosemide&#44; olmesartan&#47;hydrochlorothiazide&#44; statin and Adiro &#40;acetylsalicylic acid&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">She went to the Emergency Room with a four-month history of a constitutional syndrome with asthenia&#44; weight loss of 10 kg and hyporexia&#46; Her vital signs were normal&#46; Additional tests revealed microcytic anaemia with haemoglobin of 8&#46;7 and mild lymphopenia&#46; Deteriorated renal function was observed&#44; with a creatinine level of 2&#46;37 mg&#47;dl&#44; urea 85 mg&#47;dl and with active sediment and negative urine culture&#46; The patient was admitted&#44; requesting&#58; computed tomography &#40;CT&#41; of chest&#47;abdomen&#59; endoscopic studies of gastrointestinal system&#59; and complete blood count with proteins&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Gastroscopy&#44; colonoscopy and CT did not yield significant findings&#44; reasonably ruling out cancer as the cause of her constitutional syndrome&#46; In the analysis of proteins&#44; a biclonal IgG-kappa lambda peak was found with negative immunofixation in urine&#44; so a bone marrow biopsy was performed&#44; with no abnormal findings&#46; In parallel&#44; the patient&#39;s renal function was progressively deteriorating&#44; with a peak creatinine level of 8&#46;64&#46; mg&#47;dl &#40;previous 5&#46;99 - &#62;6&#46;2 - &#62;7&#46;46 mg&#47;dl&#41; and with persistence of non-nephrotic proteinuria &#40;protein&#47;creatinine ratio 2&#44;032 mg&#47;g&#41; and microhaematuria&#44; with a progressive tendency to hypertension and oliguria leading to heart failure&#46; This was in the context of complete nephritic syndrome with the need for urgent haemodialysis and&#44; at that point&#44; further immunological studies were requested&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">During this whole process&#44; an autoimmunity study was requested with antinuclear antibodies &#40;ANA&#41;&#44; antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies &#40;ANCA&#41; and anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies &#40;anti-GBM&#41;&#46; They were negative&#44; showing a decrease in C3 0&#46;73 g&#47;l &#40;0&#46;90&#8211;1&#46;80&#41; with an increase in rheumatoid factor 67&#46;5 U&#47;l &#40;0&#8211;14&#41;&#46; In light of the above and with no improvement in kidney function in the context of established nephritic syndrome without a clear cause&#44; a kidney biopsy was performed &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; The biopsy report referred to a mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis &#40;GN&#41; with extracapillary proliferation &#40;cellular crescents&#41;&#44; with very positive IgM immunofluorescence with negative C3&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Given these findings&#44; an infectious process with an atypical presentation was suspected as the cause of the condition&#44; and taking into account the rural area of residence of the patient&#44; the diagnostic series was expanded with zoonosis serologies &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Coxiella</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bartonella henselae</span> &#40;BH&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Leptospira</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Borrelia</span>&#41;&#46; In the end&#44; positive serology for BH was obtained &#40;IgM and IgG titre 1&#47;256&#41;&#46; A blood polymerase chain reaction &#40;PCR&#41; was requested for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bartonella</span> twice&#44; which was negative in both cases&#46; The possibility of endocarditis was raised without a conclusive diagnosis after transoesophageal echocardiogram and positron emission tomography &#40;PET&#41;&#44; but it was finally decided to treat the condition as such&#44; with a regimen of doxycycline 100 mg and rifampicin 300 mg every 12 h for at least two weeks&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">After starting antibiotic therapy&#44; the patient&#39;s clinical condition and blood test results progressed favourably&#44; with improvement in kidney function&#44; and the haemodialysis sessions could be discontinued&#46; Additionally&#44; her levels of rheumatoid factor and C3 returned to normal &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46; Given the persistence of positive IgM for BH&#44; doxycycline was continued for six weeks&#46; Three months later&#44; the IgM was negative and the IgG was positive&#44; with a titre 1&#47;512 for BH with creatinine of 2&#46;52 mg&#47;dl and urea 111 mg&#47;dl&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This article has described a nephritic syndrome caused by a mesangiocapillary GN with cellular crescents secondary to an active BH infection&#44; with no similar cases found in the literature&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The clinical spectrum of BH infection is broad&#44; ranging from a latent and non-specific condition affecting the general state to cat-scratch disease and endocarditis with negative blood cultures&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5</span></a> It can even trigger immunological phenomena&#44; such as mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis&#44; which over several months can lead to extracapillary proliferation&#46; Immunological manifestations are usually related to the manifestation of the infection&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#8211;9</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The exceptional aspect of our case is that mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis was the only certain clinical manifestation of BH infection&#46; With this case we wanted to stress the importance of the medical history&#44; including patients&#39; personal information&#44; such as place of residence&#44; as all of this needs to be taken into account for the differential diagnosis and approach to acute kidney injury&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Funding</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No funding was received for this study&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Haematoxylin-eosin and Periodic Acid-Schiff &#40;PAS&#41; positive sample from a renal cast seen under an optical microscope&#46; In the image on the left&#44; two renal glomeruli can be seen&#44; showing a large extracellular growth containing numerous nuclei &#40;cellular crescent&#41; &#40;red arrows&#41;&#44; reducing the renal tuft &#40;green arrow&#41;&#46; The central image shows a glomerulus with a cellular crescent&#46; The image on the left shows positive IgM immunofluorescence&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">17 Aug&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">10 Nov&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">25 Nov&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">C3 g&#47;l&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;91&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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ISSN: 20132514
Original language: English
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