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we report the case of a female kidney transplant patient in the nephrology department of Burgos University Hospital in Spain with HTN refractory to optimal medical treatment and diagnosed with MAS&#44; who had to be started on haemodialysis due to progressive deterioration in kidney function&#46; A right axillobifemoral to common femoral bypass was performed&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This was a 20-year-old woman with end-stage renal disease secondary to MAS and bilateral renal stenosis with severe HTN who required bilateral nephrectomy in June 2011 and received a living-donor kidney transplant on 19 March 2014&#46; Since then&#44; her baseline creatinine had been around 1&#46;5&#8722;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dl&#44; along with urinary protein in the range 100&#8722;160<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patient had difficult-to-control HTN with organic repercussions &#40;mild hypertensive retinopathy and ventricular hypertrophy&#41;&#44; which required several hospital admissions for hypertensive crises in the context of non-adherence to treatment&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">On 31 October 2019&#44; she was admitted to de hospital due to severe dyspnoea and chest pain associated with an episode of decompensated heart failure due to poorly controlled HTN &#40;227&#47;71<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#41; and deterioration in kidney function&#44; with creatinine of 2&#46;02<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dl and urea 109<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dl&#46; Urinary biochemistry showed creatinine 38<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dl&#44; urea 7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;l&#44; sodium 89 mEq&#47;l&#44; potassium 16 mEq&#47;l and chloride 61 mEq&#47;l &#40;fractional excretion of sodium of 3&#46;4&#37; and fractional excretion of urea of 33&#46;8&#37;&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Initial tests included ultrasound of the urinary system and renal Doppler ultrasound&#44; which showed a transplanted kidney in the right iliac fossa of normal size&#44; morphology and location with preservation of cortical thickness and adequate corticomedullary differentiation&#46; The renal artery appeared to be of normal lumen with peak systolic velocity at the high limit of normal&#46; The intrarenal arteries had a resistance index at the upper limit of normal &#40;around 0&#46;7&#41; and a wave morphology with virtually no diastole&#44; along with an increased acceleration time &#40;possible tardus-parvus&#41;&#46; Transthoracic ultrasound showed severe concentric left ventricular hypertrophy with an obstructive gradient&#44; a severely dilated left atrium along with very high filling pressures and an estimated pulmonary systolic pressure &#40;PSP&#41; of 59<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Despite the medical interventions carried out in hospital&#44; the patient&#39;s renal function progressively deteriorated&#44; with anuria in conjunction with data of water overload from a clinical perspective &#40;cumulative salt&#47;water balance of 9&#8722;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg&#41; and radiological perspective&#44; while being refractory to the intensive medical treatment&#44; with creatinine reaching 8&#46;87<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dl and urea 383<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dl&#46; Due to all of the above factors&#44; she was started on haemodialysis on 26 November 2019&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">After analysing several possibilities&#44; we contacted the Angiology and Vascular Surgery department to jointly assess the case&#44; deciding to perform a right axillobifemoral to common femoral bypass with an 8-mm ringed Dacron-Silver prosthesis on 3 February 2020&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">At 48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h post-intervention&#44; the patient&#39;s creatinine was 2&#46;59<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dl and urea 199<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dl&#46; In line with her clinical recovery&#44; the patient had optimal control of blood pressure with prescribed antihypertensive medication&#44; along with a reversal of cardiomegaly demonstrated by follow-up chest x-ray&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In view of the patient&#39;s progressive recovery of kidney function along with increased diuresis&#44; haemodialysis sessions were discontinued on 11 February 2020&#44; with a creatinine level of 2&#46;27<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dl&#46; After that&#44; her kidney function showed progressive improvement until reaching a creatinine level of 1&#46;14<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dl without having required admission for exacerbations and&#47;or complications&#46; However&#44; the patient sadly died in March 2021 due to a complicated respiratory infection&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We believe that thanks to the retrograde flow obtained towards the abdominal aorta and its branches &#40;because the blood flow of the latter has lower pressure than that coming from the axillobifemoral bypass&#41;&#44; renal function progressively improved&#44; concomitantly resulting in clinical improvement and optimal control of blood pressure&#46; Kidney function was preserved above 1&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dl despite the fact that patients with chronic kidney disease who have required dialysis for more than 90 days have little chance of recovering sufficient kidney function to be able to do without it&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; this article reports a case of MAS as a cause of renovascular hypertension&#44; with a clinical presentation that posed a challenge to its therapeutic management&#46; The associated HTN was difficult to treat and required multiple therapeutic interventions&#44; but which were ultimately successful&#46;</p></span>"
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Letter to the Editor
Kidney transplant with refractory hypertension in a case of mid aortic syndrome
Trasplante renal con hipertensión arterial (HTA) refractaria en un caso de síndrome de aorta media (SAM)
S. Camino Ramosa,
Corresponding author
scrnefrologia@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, A. Martín Rosiquea, M. Terán Redondoa, X. Patricio Jacome Tapiab, F. Gabriel Yepez Leóna, E. Teresa Yerovi Leóna, V. Camarero Temiñoa, P. Abaigar Luquinc, I. Agúndez Gomezd
a Médico del Servicio de Nefrología del Hospital Universitario de Burgos, Spain
b Médico del Servicio de Angiología y Cirugía Vascular del Hospital Universitario de Burgos, Spain
c Jefe de Sección del Servicio de Nefrología del Hospital Universitario de Burgos, Spain
d Jefe de Sección del Servicio Deangiología y Cirugía Vascular del Hospital Universitario de Burgos, Spain
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we report the case of a female kidney transplant patient in the nephrology department of Burgos University Hospital in Spain with HTN refractory to optimal medical treatment and diagnosed with MAS&#44; who had to be started on haemodialysis due to progressive deterioration in kidney function&#46; A right axillobifemoral to common femoral bypass was performed&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This was a 20-year-old woman with end-stage renal disease secondary to MAS and bilateral renal stenosis with severe HTN who required bilateral nephrectomy in June 2011 and received a living-donor kidney transplant on 19 March 2014&#46; Since then&#44; her baseline creatinine had been around 1&#46;5&#8722;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dl&#44; along with urinary protein in the range 100&#8722;160<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patient had difficult-to-control HTN with organic repercussions &#40;mild hypertensive retinopathy and ventricular hypertrophy&#41;&#44; which required several hospital admissions for hypertensive crises in the context of non-adherence to treatment&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">On 31 October 2019&#44; she was admitted to de hospital due to severe dyspnoea and chest pain associated with an episode of decompensated heart failure due to poorly controlled HTN &#40;227&#47;71<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#41; and deterioration in kidney function&#44; with creatinine of 2&#46;02<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dl and urea 109<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dl&#46; Urinary biochemistry showed creatinine 38<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dl&#44; urea 7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;l&#44; sodium 89 mEq&#47;l&#44; potassium 16 mEq&#47;l and chloride 61 mEq&#47;l &#40;fractional excretion of sodium of 3&#46;4&#37; and fractional excretion of urea of 33&#46;8&#37;&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Initial tests included ultrasound of the urinary system and renal Doppler ultrasound&#44; which showed a transplanted kidney in the right iliac fossa of normal size&#44; morphology and location with preservation of cortical thickness and adequate corticomedullary differentiation&#46; The renal artery appeared to be of normal lumen with peak systolic velocity at the high limit of normal&#46; The intrarenal arteries had a resistance index at the upper limit of normal &#40;around 0&#46;7&#41; and a wave morphology with virtually no diastole&#44; along with an increased acceleration time &#40;possible tardus-parvus&#41;&#46; Transthoracic ultrasound showed severe concentric left ventricular hypertrophy with an obstructive gradient&#44; a severely dilated left atrium along with very high filling pressures and an estimated pulmonary systolic pressure &#40;PSP&#41; of 59<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Despite the medical interventions carried out in hospital&#44; the patient&#39;s renal function progressively deteriorated&#44; with anuria in conjunction with data of water overload from a clinical perspective &#40;cumulative salt&#47;water balance of 9&#8722;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg&#41; and radiological perspective&#44; while being refractory to the intensive medical treatment&#44; with creatinine reaching 8&#46;87<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dl and urea 383<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dl&#46; Due to all of the above factors&#44; she was started on haemodialysis on 26 November 2019&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">After analysing several possibilities&#44; we contacted the Angiology and Vascular Surgery department to jointly assess the case&#44; deciding to perform a right axillobifemoral to common femoral bypass with an 8-mm ringed Dacron-Silver prosthesis on 3 February 2020&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">At 48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h post-intervention&#44; the patient&#39;s creatinine was 2&#46;59<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dl and urea 199<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dl&#46; In line with her clinical recovery&#44; the patient had optimal control of blood pressure with prescribed antihypertensive medication&#44; along with a reversal of cardiomegaly demonstrated by follow-up chest x-ray&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In view of the patient&#39;s progressive recovery of kidney function along with increased diuresis&#44; haemodialysis sessions were discontinued on 11 February 2020&#44; with a creatinine level of 2&#46;27<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dl&#46; After that&#44; her kidney function showed progressive improvement until reaching a creatinine level of 1&#46;14<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dl without having required admission for exacerbations and&#47;or complications&#46; However&#44; the patient sadly died in March 2021 due to a complicated respiratory infection&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We believe that thanks to the retrograde flow obtained towards the abdominal aorta and its branches &#40;because the blood flow of the latter has lower pressure than that coming from the axillobifemoral bypass&#41;&#44; renal function progressively improved&#44; concomitantly resulting in clinical improvement and optimal control of blood pressure&#46; Kidney function was preserved above 1&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dl despite the fact that patients with chronic kidney disease who have required dialysis for more than 90 days have little chance of recovering sufficient kidney function to be able to do without it&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; this article reports a case of MAS as a cause of renovascular hypertension&#44; with a clinical presentation that posed a challenge to its therapeutic management&#46; The associated HTN was difficult to treat and required multiple therapeutic interventions&#44; but which were ultimately successful&#46;</p></span>"
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Article information
ISSN: 20132514
Original language: English
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