Frailty in end stage renal disease: Current perspectives

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ECG: electrocardiogram; GFR: glomerular filtration rate; CIMT: carotid intima media thickness; PWV: pulse wave velocity; ABI: ankle brachial index; NMR: nuclear magnetic resonance." ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Diego Francisco Márquez, Elena Rodríguez-Sánchez, Julián Segura de la Morena, Luis Miguel Ruilope, Gema Ruiz-Hurtado" "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Diego Francisco" "apellidos" => "Márquez" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Elena" "apellidos" => "Rodríguez-Sánchez" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Julián Segura" "apellidos" => "de la Morena" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Luis Miguel" "apellidos" => "Ruilope" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Gema" "apellidos" => "Ruiz-Hurtado" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2013251423000238?idApp=UINPBA000064" "url" => "/20132514/0000004200000005/v2_202410291251/S2013251423000238/v2_202410291251/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:18 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "Review" "titulo" => "Frailty in end stage renal disease: Current perspectives" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "531" "paginaFinal" => "539" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "Shankar Prasad Nagaraju, Srinivas Vinayak Shenoy, Ankur Gupta" "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Shankar Prasad" "apellidos" => "Nagaraju" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Srinivas Vinayak" "apellidos" => "Shenoy" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 2 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Ankur" "apellidos" => "Gupta" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "parthankur@yahoo.com" ] "referencia" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "1" "identificador" => "fn0005" ] 2 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "*" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Department of Nephrology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Department of Medicine, Whakatane Hospital, New Zealand" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Fragilidad en la enfermedad renal en etapa terminal: perspectivas actuales" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1267 "Ancho" => 2092 "Tamanyo" => 231434 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Pathogenesis of frailty in end stage renal disease (Abbreviations: CNS – central nervous system, CKD – chronic kidney disease, MIA – malnutrition inflammation-atherosclerosis, IGF – insulin like growth factor)." ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "IntroductionFrailty is a state of increased vulnerability to physical stressors like illness which leads to poor clinical outcomes.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0355">1</a> It is a condition usually found in elderly people and occurs as a result of progressive and sustained degeneration in multiple physiological systems in our body. This is further worsened because of a decline in psychological health and inadequate social support.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0355">1–3</a> The prevalence of frailty is around 11% in elderly without end stage renal disease (ESRD), whereas in patients with ESRD on dialysis it is more than 60%.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0370">4,5</a> It is characterized by weakness, balance and motility issues, and a decreased ability to resist stressors.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0380">6,7</a> Impaired physical function, sarcopenia, and an increased risk of falls are hallmarks of the frailty syndrome. Other adverse health outcomes include fractures, hospitalization, institutionalization, disability, dependence, dementia, poor quality of life, and death.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0390">8</a> Frailty in chronic kidney disease (CKD) has been described as “senescent nephropathy” – a state characterized by a synergistic decline in physical and renal function, proposed to be caused by increased levels of inflammation associated with each condition.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0380">6</a> Inspite of being an important prognostic marker, frailty screening is yet to be widely implemented in routine renal care. Patients with CKD, especially ESRD are at a high risk of being frail. Though there are many frailty measuring tools available, the optimal means of screening for frailty in patients with kidney disease remains perplexing.The pathogenesis of frailty in ESRD is multifactorial and is different from the general population since uraemia and dialysis are significant contributors. Additionally, standard management of ESRD, including kidney replacement therapies, may have a lower benefit or may be even potentially harmful in the presence of frailty. Recently, several interventions to modify frailty in ESRD have been proposed.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0395">9</a> In this review, we highlight the importance of frailty screening in ESRD, different tools for its measurement and its pathogenesis. We also recapitulate the available evidence on frailty as a predictor of poor clinical outcomes, as well as current guidelines for its management.Definitions and frailty measurement toolsFrailty has been defined as a state of increased vulnerability to stressors like illness or trauma due to degeneration in multiple systems in our body leading to poor outcomes.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0355">1</a> Recently efforts have been put to create an operational definition for frailty, so that it aids in its identification and severity. In literature, two principal concepts are described: the Fried Phenotype Model of Frailty, which focuses frailty as a physical phenotype characterized by sarcopenia, and the other more holistic Frailty index (Cumulative Deficit Model of Frailty) which additionally incorporates other domains like comorbidities and psychological conditions.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0400">10–14</a>Frailty Phenotype (FP) is described as ‘a clinical syndrome involving at least three of the following: unintentional weight loss, self-reported exhaustion, weakness, slow walking speed and low physical activity’.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0420">14</a> (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>) The presence of one or two of the above characteristics defines a patient as pre-frail. In FP, the measures of weakness and walking speed examination is cumbersome and time consuming. So the FP has been modified in an attempt to reduce the burden of data collection by several studies on CKD populations which have used modified versions of the FP, where questionnaire-based assessments for the objective measures of weakness and slowness are used. Though these methods may overestimate the prevalence of frailty, they also predict outcomes similar to FP.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0425">15–18</a> A study demonstrated that modified FP was independently associated with increased mortality risk in dialysis-dependent CKD [HR 2.24 (95% CI 1.60–3.15)] and also with an increased risk of the combined endpoint of hospitalization or death [HR 1.56 (95% CI 1.36–1.79)].<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0430">16</a> Similar to the FP, the short physical performance battery (SPPB) is comprised of three physical assessments: standing balance, gait speed, and a chair stand test. Like the FP, its strengths also lie in its objectivity. In addition, it provides a range of scores, from 0 (worst performance) to 12 (best performance), allowing some quantification of a patient's level of frailty. Importantly, in patients with CKD, the SPPB is reliable, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0445">19</a> associated with disease progression and is predictive of mortality.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0450">20</a><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia>A contrasting and holistic approach to the Cumulative Deficit Model of Frailty was described in the older population. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0405">11</a> A remodification of this model included a total of 70 variables consisting of a variety of medical, psychological and functional impairments.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0415">13</a> This led to the creation of a more global and complete frailty assessment, the frailty index (FI). FI score was calculated by dividing the total number of deficits for an individual patient by all the predetermined clinical variables.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0365">3</a> A study compared FI with FP in elderly individuals and demonstrated that these operational definitions of frailty correlated moderately well with each other.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0410">12</a> They categorized participants as robust, pre-frail (intermediate frailty) and frail as per FP.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0410">12</a> FI and FP were found to be comparable in frailty assessment in CKD.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0455">21</a> But the FI is demanding to implement into routine clinical care, as at least 30 variables are required to calculate the score making it a relatively time-consuming alternative.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0460">22,23</a> However, with the advent of electronic health records, it may be possible to surpass this challenge.The Groningen frailty indicator (GFI) is another multidimensional method of assessing frailty. It consists of 15 questions across 8 domains, including mobility, vision, hearing, nutrition, comorbidity, cognition, psychosocial, and physical fitness. The absence of physical testing and a better assessment of psychosocial status makes its afavoured screening test.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0470">24</a> GFI was equally predictive of death and hospitalization in CKD population as other approaches, but it failed to distinguish specific deficits, especially of a physical nature.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0475">25</a> This could be due to the reason that physical impairment is screened with a single question, asking the patient to rate their fitness from 0 to 10.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0470">24</a>The multidimensional prognostic index (MPI) has been developed to predict the longevity of hospitalized adults. In MPI, frailty status is assessed through eight individual assessments including function (activities of daily living), polypharmacy, mental status, nutrition, comorbidity, risk of pressure sores and social circumstances. Deficits in each domain are graded as 0 (none), 0.5 (minor), or 1 (major), and then averaged.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0480">26</a> A score greater than 0.66 is indicative of frailty and associated with increased hospital mortality and length of stay in the general population.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0485">27</a> In the elderly CKD population, the addition of the MPI to the estimated GFR drastically improved prediction of mortality.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0490">28</a> A study revealed that maintenance haemodialysis (HD) patients had higher MPI scores than the global geriatric population.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0495">29</a> The limitation of the MPI score is that it is only been validated in admitted CKD patients and needs endorsement before generalization to the outpatient CKD population.Finally, to produce a simple yet global frailty assessment for screening purposes, a clinical frailty scale (CFS) has been proposed.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0415">13</a> Simplicity is the hallmark of the CFS when compared to other methods of assessing frailty. CFS relies on clinical judgement alone and higher scores on the CFS were associated with an increased risk of death [HR 1.30 (95% CI 1.27–1.33)] and hospitalization [HR 1.46 (95% CI 1.39–1.53)].<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0415">13</a> In its original form, the CFS was a 7-point scale<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0415">13</a> and later updated to include nine descriptors.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0465">23</a> The CFS has been shown to have similar predictive characteristics as the FP and FI in the general population.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0410">12,13</a> In addition, like the SPPB and FI, the CFS is graduated and allows for monitoring of changes in frailty severity over time.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0500">30</a> CFS scores at dialysis initiation are associated with higher mortality<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0505">31</a> and worse health-related quality of life scores in older patients on assisted peritoneal dialysis (PD) and HD.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0510">32</a> CFS seemingly agreed with the FP better than the SPPB and FI, suggesting that the CFS may be a valuable option for accurate screening of frailty when it is not practical to perform a physical assessment.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0515">33</a> So CFS is a promising frailty screening tool that could be incorporated into routine clinical renal care. The limitations of the CFS are being a subjective tool and yet to have robust validation data in CKD. Currently there is no consensus as to which measurement of frailty is superior. Since all approaches are associated with clinical outcomes, it is more important that efforts are made to identify frailty in ESRD, regardless of the adopted methodology.Pathogenesis of frailty in ESRD (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>)The pathogenesis of frailty in ESRD is multifactorial. Reduced intake contributes to sarcopenia and later physical frailty.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0525">35</a> The contributing factors for loss of appetite include the uraemic milieu, inflammation, comorbid illnesses, medications and associated low mood and cognitive impairment.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0525">35,36</a> Physical inactivity is the other important factor in CKD which contributes for sarcopenia.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0535">37</a> The increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines like interleukin (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0540">38</a> leads to impaired signalling of the anabolic hormones insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF)-1.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0525">35,39</a> This leads to muscle protein breakdown via the caspase-3 and ubiquitin proteasome system.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0540">38</a> Metabolic acidosis also activates caspase-3 and inhibits intracellular signalling of insulin and IGF-1.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0525">35,38</a> All of the above results in a state of protein catabolism leading to sarcopenia. It has been shown that 1, 25(OH)2 D is a determinant of physical function and muscle size in those with CKD.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0550">40</a> So deficiency of Vitamin D also may be a factor in the development of frailty in CKD. Finally, cellular senescence, loss of telomeric structures, mitochondrial dysfunction, increased free radical production and poor DNA repair capability are important in the ageing process and the development of frailty.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0555">41</a> These processes occur prematurely in CKD population ultimately leading to sarcopenia, vascular dysfunction and progressive organ damage.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0560">42</a><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia>Frailty as a marker of prognosis in ESRDFraility is independently predictive of adverse outcomes, including falls, hospitalization and mortality in the elderly general population.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0420">14</a> Furthermore, the presence of intermediate frailty (or pre-frailty), was predictive of becoming frail over the next 3–4 years.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0420">14</a> Studies that were done in the ESRD patients also show a similar pattern. A study demonstrated that frailty at dialysis initiation was associated with an increased risk of mortality [hazard ratio [HR] 1.57 (95% CI 1.25–1.97)] and first hospitalization [HR 1.26 (95% CI 1.09–1.45)].<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0375">5</a> Another study categorized dialysis patients as either non-frail, intermediately frail or frail. It was seen that proportion of participants admitted to hospital on two or more occasions over the subsequent year after enrolment was 43% for frail dialysis patients compared to 28% for nonfrail dialysis patients.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0565">43</a> The 3-year mortality was 40% for frail dialysis patients. 34% of those categorized as intermediately frail patients died within the 3-year follow-up period, compared with only 16% of those who are non-frail.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0565">43</a> Thus, differentiating degrees of frailty offers even greater clinical utility. Another study by the same group assessed frailty in 95 dialysis patients for falls. Over a 6.7-month follow-up period, there were 3.09-fold (95% CI 1.38–6.90) more falls in frail patients.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0570">44</a> The other studies in dialysis patients are listed in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>. With the present evidence, it is clear that assessment of frailty is an important prognostic indicator in dialysis patients and it predicts mortality, hospitalization and falls irrespective of the methods used for assessment.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia>Current guidanceAmong present guidelines on dialysis, the frailty is being addressed in the 2016 European renal best practice (ERBP) guideline. Frailty screening should be considered in all older adults who are not otherwise at risk of imminently dying or at low risk for progression to ESRD. It emphasizes that frailty scores may help in providing additional information during assessment and shared decision-making on the planning of patients. No specific screening test was recommended. It suggested that after an initial assessment, functional status be reassessed every 6–8 weeks for dialysis patients. It also recommends exercise therapy and dietary interventions as potential means of modifying frailty and frailty assessment to be a part of advanced care planning (ACP).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0605">51</a> In 2015, Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) in partnership with the International Society of Nephrology (ISN), hosted a controversies conference on supportive care in CKD. The conference highlighted the need for identifying patients pre-dialysis and as well on dialysis who may be frail and may not benefit or may worsen with continuation of dialysis. There was no consensus on ideal tools to decide on patients requiring conservative care. However, there was a stress on using appropriate tools like the modified Karnofsky activity scale or screening activities of daily living, use of “surprise question” to assess and prognosticate the patients for conservative care versus conventional kidney replacement therapy (KRT).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0610">52</a>ManagementFrail patients with CKD are a distinct population, their risk profile will be different from fit patients. Although, frailty most commonly follows a downward trajectory, there is growing evidence to suggest that it can be improved with intervention. A holistic assessment with individualized assessment and targeted management strategy will be the key.First and foremost, it is important to address undernutrition. The possible causes for decreased appetite, like uraemia, metabolic acidosis, intercurrent illness, medications, and comorbid conditions such as depression should be identified and treated.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0525">35,39,53</a> Though there might not be a survival benefit (p=0.29), but oral nutritional supplementation was associated with fewer hospital admissions, in those with ESRD and hypalbuminaemia.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0620">54</a> The dietary phosphate restriction in ESRD patients with frailty may outweigh the benefits and result in further worsening of undernutrition and protein-energy. So dietary phosphate restriction should be individualized to allow adequate nutritional intake. Recent guidelines by ERBP in 2016 state that ‘preserving nutritional status should prevail over any other dietary restriction’.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0605">51</a>Exercise has well-established, multifaceted benefits for improving the frailty in ESRD patients. Dialysis patients, in general, live a sedentary lifestyle. Decreased physical activity in elderly haemodialysis patients has been associated with a risk of increased mortality.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0625">55</a> Exercise helps in improvements in muscle strength, cardiovascular function, physical function and health-related quality of life.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0630">56</a> Even a modest amount of exercise in severely frail patients have shown a variety of benefits like better mobility, independence, quality of life, bone mineral density and reduced falls.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0635">57</a> Aerobic, resistance and combined exercise programmes have demonstrated substantial benefits. Both intradialytic and interdialytic exercise programmes are helpful in improving frailty.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0640">58–60</a> Regular exercise increased muscle mass and reduced systemic inflammation in CKD population.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0655">61,62</a> A study concluded that exercising during non-dialysis days was most effective, but intra-dialysis exercising was both effective and preferable.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0645">59</a> Individualized exercise programme should be part of targeted therapy for all frail ESRD patients and seems to be valuable regardless of the type or mode of exercise. Apart from nutritional care and exercise, falls prevention measures, and timely control of ESRD complications, the inclusion of frailty management as part of ACP may help frail ESRD patients to improve their overall outcomes.Choice of KRT in frail ESRDDialysis and transplant are significant stressors to an ESRD patient, and therefore should only be expected to benefit who are adequately robust.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0665">63</a> The severity of frailty significantly impacts on patient's experience of different kidney replacement therapies. As a patient's frailty severity progresses, the nephrologist's focus should shift to potentially modifying care to less invasive treatment options like incremental dialysis or conservative management.Incremental HD is one of the proposed strategies for limiting frailty. It has been shown to slow the loss of residual kidney function in ESRD.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0670">64</a> It means to start with one/week or two/week HD regimens which are shorter or less frequent than standard three times per week maintenance therapy. Later it can be increased over time to accommodate a further decline in residual kidney function. By starting frail patients on incremental HD, the physiologic stress of dialysis is decreased. It leads to reduced post dialysis recovery time, less interference with social and family life, and ultimately better quality of life.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0675">65</a> Incremental PD may be considered as an option as well. Home HD (either conventional, frequent, or intensive) in frail patients may be another solution. But the evidence on peritoneal or home HD is not substantial.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0510">32,66</a> Similar to PD, home HD allows greater involvement of family, no travel burden of in-centre haemodialysis, and more flexibility. An important future consideration is an evaluation of the impact of PD or home HD on frailty.Kidney transplant is a significant physiologic stress to frail ESRD patients. Frail patients have an increased risk of postoperative complications and mortality.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0685">67,68</a> It is currently unclear at what degree of frailty the risks of transplantation outweigh the benefits. But transplant itself may be one of the “interventions” that could improve a patient's frailty significantly. Although frailty initially worsens post-transplant, it has been shown to improve as early as three months post transplantation.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0695">69</a> A study showed a similar survival benefit in frail and fit patients by 9 months post-transplant.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0700">70</a> As frailty advances, the risks and benefits of more invasive options for KRT should be reassessed. The option of conservative treatment with symptomatic management without any dialytic support must be explored with patients and families.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0605">51</a>ConclusionFrailty is highly prevalent in ESRD patients independent of age. The pathogenesis of frailty in ESRD is multifactorial. Frail patients are likely to have higher morbidity and mortality compared to non-frail counterparts. Many frailty screening tools have been studied and validated in different settings of CKD and ESRD. In the absence of a consensus on the ideal screening tool, the emphasis should be placed on to use any one of the tools to identify frailty. A holistic individual assessment to address risk factors that may exacerbate its progression should be considered. Adequate nutritional intake is essential and individualized exercise programmes should be offered to all frail ESRD patients along with psychological and social support. Though the ERBP in 2016 and KDIGO in 2015 have attempted to incorporate frailty screening in ESRD population, it is yet to receive widespread acceptance. It is the time for the nephrology community to include it in routine practice to inform discussions with patients about conservative treatment or select a suitable mode of kidney replacement therapy, tailor the dialysis prescription as per the needs of the individual rather have a “one size fits all” approach.Data availabilityNot required.Ethical approvalThe procedures followed were in accordance with Declaration of Helsinki and its revisions. Informed consent from the subjects is not requiredFundingNot required.Conflicts of interestNone." "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:15 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres2283556" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1899850" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres2283555" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1899851" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Definitions and frailty measurement tools" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Pathogenesis of frailty in ESRD (Fig. 1)" ] 7 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Frailty as a marker of prognosis in ESRD" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Current guidance" ] ] ] 8 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Management" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Choice of KRT in frail ESRD" ] ] ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] 10 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Data availability" ] 11 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Ethical approval" ] 12 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0055" "titulo" => "Funding" ] 13 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0060" "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest" ] 14 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1899850" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Frailty" 1 => "End stage renal disease" 2 => "Dialysis" 3 => "Sarcopenia" 4 => "Senescent nephropathy" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1899851" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Fragilidad" 1 => "Enfermedad renal en etapa terminal" 2 => "Diálisis" 3 => "Sarcopenia" 4 => "Nefropatía senescente" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "Frailty is common in end stage renal disease (ESRD) and is a marker of poor outcomes. Its prevalence increases as chronic kidney disease (CKD) progresses. There are different measurement tools available to assess frailty in ESRD. The pathogenesis of frailty in ESRD is multifactorial including uraemia and dialysis related factors. In this current review, we discuss the importance of frailty, its pathogenesis, screening methods, prognostic implications and management strategies in context of ESRD." ] "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "La fragilidad es común en la enfermedad renal en etapa terminal (ESRD) y es un marcador de malos resultados. Su la prevalencia aumenta a medida que avanza la enfermedad renal crónica (ERC). Hay diferentes herramientas de medición disponibles para evaluar la fragilidad en la ERT. La patogenia de la fragilidad en la ESRD es multifactorial que incluye uremia y factores relacionados con la diálisis. En esta revisión actual, discutimos la importancia de la fragilidad, su patogénesis, métodos de cribado, implicaciones pronósticas y estrategias de manejo en el contexto de la ESRD." ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "etiqueta" => "1" "nota" => "Ankur Gupta act as guarantor for other authors." "identificador" => "fn0005" ] ] "multimedia" => array:3 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1267 "Ancho" => 2092 "Tamanyo" => 231434 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Pathogenesis of frailty in end stage renal disease (Abbreviations: CNS – central nervous system, CKD – chronic kidney disease, MIA – malnutrition inflammation-atherosclerosis, IGF – insulin like growth factor)." ] ] 1 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at1" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Tool \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Components/domains \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Advantages \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Disadvantages \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Fried's frailty criteria (Fried et al., 2001)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0420">14</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Physical – weight loss, low physical activity, exhaustion, slowness, weakness \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Most commonly used and extensively validated in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end stage renal disease (ESRD) populationObjective measures also used hence reproducible \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Need to perform physical testsAssesses only physical domainCategorical grading of components, hence may identify only moderate to severe casesWeight loss criteria may not be practical in dialysis patients \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Short Physical Battery performance (Guralnik et al., 1994)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0520">34</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Physical – Balance, gait, strength, and endurance \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Validated in CKD and ESRD populationObjective assessmentRisk scoring is on a continuous scale hence can help identify mild cases and also monitor progress \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Only physical domains assessedPhysical testing may be cumbersome \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Groningen Frailty Indicator (Steverink et al., 2001)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0470">24</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Multiple – Physical, cognitive, social and psychological \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">No physical tests to be performed hence easierGives information of day to day functionality of the patient \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Not well validated in CKD and ESRDSubjective assessment in many domainsLess sensitive to detect defects in physical domains \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Clinical Frailty Scale (Rockwood et al., 2005)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0415">13</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Multiple – Physical cognitive, functional, comorbid illness \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Based on clinical judgement, simple to useAllows for gradation and monitoring progress \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Many components subjectiveVery fit ESRD patients will also be scored as 3 (Managing Well) on account of co-morbidityNot well validated CKD/ESRD \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Frailty Index (Rockwood and Mitnitsky 2001)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0405">11</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Multiple – Physical, cognition, co morbid illness, symptoms, disabilities \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Covers multiple domains, which can be created specifically for a target populationPatients can be graded \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Time consuming to calculate because of mathematical nature \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Multidisciplinary prognostic index (Pilotto et al., 2008)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0480">26</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Multiple – medication number, instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs), ADLs, cognitive status, nutritional status, risk of developing pressure soresco-morbidity and living status \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Help predict the longevity of hospitalization \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Validated predominantly for hospitalized patients only \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab3703328.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Measures of frailty in end stage renal disease." ] ] 2 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at2" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Study authors \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Frailty measurement tool used \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Study characteristics \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Outcomes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Johansen et al. (2007)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0430">16</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Modified fried phenotype \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2275 incident haemodialysis (HD) patients of Dialysis Morbidity and Mortality Wave 2 study \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Frailty was independently associated with higher risk of death (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 2.24, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.60–3.15) and composite of death or hospitalization (adjusted HR 1.63, 95% CI 1.41–1.87) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Bao et al. (2012)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0375">5</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Modified fried phenotype \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1576 incident HD patients from the comprehensive dialysis study cohort of the United States renal data system \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">73% prevalence of frailtyFrail patients had increased mortality (HR 1.57, 95% CI 1.25–1.97) and faster time to hospitalization (HR 1.26, 95% CI 1.09–1.45) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">McAdams de Marco et al. (2013)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0565">43</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Fried phenotype \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">146 maintenance HD patients at single centre \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Intermediate frailty and frailty were associated with a 2.7 times (95% (CI)=1.02–7.07, p=0.046) and 2.6 times (95% CI=1.04–6.49, p=0.04) greater risk of death independent of age, sex, comorbidity, and disability.Frailty was associated with 1.4 times (95% CI=1.00–2.03, p=0.049) more hospitalizations \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">McAdams de Marco et al. (2013)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0570">44</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Fried phenotype \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">95 maintenance HD patients \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Frailty independently predicted a 3.09-fold (95% CI: 1.38–6.90, p=0.006) higher number of falls. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Alfaadhel et al. (2015)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0505">31</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">390 patients on maintenance HD \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">HR for mortality associated with each 1-point increase in the CFS was 1.22 (95% CI, 1.04–1.43; p=0.02). \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Lee et al. (2017)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0575">45</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Modified cardiovascular health study frailty (CHS) phenotype \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1255 HD and 403 PD patients, multicentre \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Frailty was associated with hospitalization (adjusted HR, 1.80; 95% CI: 1.38–2.36) and mortality (HR, 2.37, 95% CI: 1.11–5.02) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Lee et al. (2017)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0580">46</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Multidimensional frailty score \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">46 elderly incident HD patients \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Mortality or cardiovascularHospitalization for frailty groupHR 23.58 (1.61–346.03) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">McAdams de Marco et al. (2018)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0585">47</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Frieds phenotype \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1975 HD patients on transplant wait list, multicentre cohort \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Frailty associated with increased mortality (HR 2.19, 95% CI: 1.26–3.79) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Fitzpatrick et al. (2019)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0590">48</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Frieds phenotype \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">370 incident HD patients enrolled in the Predictors of Arrhythmic and Cardiovascular Risk in End Stage Renal Disease (PACE) study \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Frail patients had 1.66-fold increased mortality risk [95% (CI) 1.03–2.67]. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Johansen et al. (2019)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0595">49</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Frieds phenotype \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">727 maintenance HD patience, multicentre \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">HR of 2.73 for one frailty component fulfilled to 10.07 for five components \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Aurora et al. (2020)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0600">50</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Fried phenotype, short physical performance battery \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">117 elderly (>69 years) HD patients \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Frail patients had higher mortality risk, HR 2.6 (95% CI 0.9–7.9) versus non frail at 12 months \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab3703327.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Studies on outcomes in patients with frailty in end stage renal disease." ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0015" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:70 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0355" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Frailty in elderly people" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "A. 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Fragilidad en la enfermedad renal en etapa terminal: perspectivas actuales

Shankar Prasad Nagarajua, Srinivas Vinayak Shenoya, Ankur Guptab,1,

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parthankur@yahoo.com

Corresponding author.

a Department of Nephrology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India

b Department of Medicine, Whakatane Hospital, New Zealand

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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Frailty is a state of increased vulnerability to physical stressors like illness which leads to poor clinical outcomes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0355"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> It is a condition usually found in elderly people and occurs as a result of progressive and sustained degeneration in multiple physiological systems in our body&#46; This is further worsened because of a decline in psychological health and inadequate social support&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0355"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#8211;3</span></a> The prevalence of frailty is around 11&#37; in elderly without end stage renal disease &#40;ESRD&#41;&#44; whereas in patients with ESRD on dialysis it is more than 60&#37;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0370"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5</span></a> It is characterized by weakness&#44; balance and motility issues&#44; and a decreased ability to resist stressors&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0380"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;7</span></a> Impaired physical function&#44; sarcopenia&#44; and an increased risk of falls are hallmarks of the frailty syndrome&#46; Other adverse health outcomes include fractures&#44; hospitalization&#44; institutionalization&#44; disability&#44; dependence&#44; dementia&#44; poor quality of life&#44; and death&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0390"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> Frailty in chronic kidney disease &#40;CKD&#41; has been described as &#8220;senescent nephropathy&#8221; &#8211; a state characterized by a synergistic decline in physical and renal function&#44; proposed to be caused by increased levels of inflammation associated with each condition&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0380"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Inspite of being an important prognostic marker&#44; frailty screening is yet to be widely implemented in routine renal care&#46; Patients with CKD&#44; especially ESRD are at a high risk of being frail&#46; Though there are many frailty measuring tools available&#44; the optimal means of screening for frailty in patients with kidney disease remains perplexing&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The pathogenesis of frailty in ESRD is multifactorial and is different from the general population since uraemia and dialysis are significant contributors&#46; Additionally&#44; standard management of ESRD&#44; including kidney replacement therapies&#44; may have a lower benefit or may be even potentially harmful in the presence of frailty&#46; Recently&#44; several interventions to modify frailty in ESRD have been proposed&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0395"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> In this review&#44; we highlight the importance of frailty screening in ESRD&#44; different tools for its measurement and its pathogenesis&#46; We also recapitulate the available evidence on frailty as a predictor of poor clinical outcomes&#44; as well as current guidelines for its management&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Definitions and frailty measurement tools</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Frailty has been defined as a state of increased vulnerability to stressors like illness or trauma due to degeneration in multiple systems in our body leading to poor outcomes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0355"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Recently efforts have been put to create an operational definition for frailty&#44; so that it aids in its identification and severity&#46; In literature&#44; two principal concepts are described&#58; the Fried Phenotype Model of Frailty&#44; which focuses frailty as a physical phenotype characterized by sarcopenia&#44; and the other more holistic Frailty index &#40;Cumulative Deficit Model of Frailty&#41; which additionally incorporates other domains like comorbidities and psychological conditions&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0400"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#8211;14</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Frailty Phenotype &#40;FP&#41; is described as &#8216;a clinical syndrome involving at least three of the following&#58; unintentional weight loss&#44; self-reported exhaustion&#44; weakness&#44; slow walking speed and low physical activity&#8217;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0420"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41; The presence of one or two of the above characteristics defines a patient as pre-frail&#46; In FP&#44; the measures of weakness and walking speed examination is cumbersome and time consuming&#46; So the FP has been modified in an attempt to reduce the burden of data collection by several studies on CKD populations which have used modified versions of the FP&#44; where questionnaire-based assessments for the objective measures of weakness and slowness are used&#46; Though these methods may overestimate the prevalence of frailty&#44; they also predict outcomes similar to FP&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0425"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15&#8211;18</span></a> A study demonstrated that modified FP was independently associated with increased mortality risk in dialysis-dependent CKD &#91;HR 2&#46;24 &#40;95&#37; CI 1&#46;60&#8211;3&#46;15&#41;&#93; and also with an increased risk of the combined endpoint of hospitalization or death &#91;HR 1&#46;56 &#40;95&#37; CI 1&#46;36&#8211;1&#46;79&#41;&#93;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0430"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> Similar to the FP&#44; the short physical performance battery &#40;SPPB&#41; is comprised of three physical assessments&#58; standing balance&#44; gait speed&#44; and a chair stand test&#46; Like the FP&#44; its strengths also lie in its objectivity&#46; In addition&#44; it provides a range of scores&#44; from 0 &#40;worst performance&#41; to 12 &#40;best performance&#41;&#44; allowing some quantification of a patient&#39;s level of frailty&#46; Importantly&#44; in patients with CKD&#44; the SPPB is reliable&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0445"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> associated with disease progression and is predictive of mortality&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0450"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A contrasting and holistic approach to the Cumulative Deficit Model of Frailty was described in the older population&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0405"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> A remodification of this model included a total of 70 variables consisting of a variety of medical&#44; psychological and functional impairments&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0415"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> This led to the creation of a more global and complete frailty assessment&#44; the frailty index &#40;FI&#41;&#46; FI score was calculated by dividing the total number of deficits for an individual patient by all the predetermined clinical variables&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0365"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> A study compared FI with FP in elderly individuals and demonstrated that these operational definitions of frailty correlated moderately well with each other&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0410"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> They categorized participants as robust&#44; pre-frail &#40;intermediate frailty&#41; and frail as per FP&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0410"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> FI and FP were found to be comparable in frailty assessment in CKD&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0455"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> But the FI is demanding to implement into routine clinical care&#44; as at least 30 variables are required to calculate the score making it a relatively time-consuming alternative&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0460"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22&#44;23</span></a> However&#44; with the advent of electronic health records&#44; it may be possible to surpass this challenge&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The Groningen frailty indicator &#40;GFI&#41; is another multidimensional method of assessing frailty&#46; It consists of 15 questions across 8 domains&#44; including mobility&#44; vision&#44; hearing&#44; nutrition&#44; comorbidity&#44; cognition&#44; psychosocial&#44; and physical fitness&#46; The absence of physical testing and a better assessment of psychosocial status makes its afavoured screening test&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0470"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> GFI was equally predictive of death and hospitalization in CKD population as other approaches&#44; but it failed to distinguish specific deficits&#44; especially of a physical nature&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0475"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> This could be due to the reason that physical impairment is screened with a single question&#44; asking the patient to rate their fitness from 0 to 10&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0470"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a></p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The multidimensional prognostic index &#40;MPI&#41; has been developed to predict the longevity of hospitalized adults&#46; In MPI&#44; frailty status is assessed through eight individual assessments including function &#40;activities of daily living&#41;&#44; polypharmacy&#44; mental status&#44; nutrition&#44; comorbidity&#44; risk of pressure sores and social circumstances&#46; Deficits in each domain are graded as 0 &#40;none&#41;&#44; 0&#46;5 &#40;minor&#41;&#44; or 1 &#40;major&#41;&#44; and then averaged&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0480"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> A score greater than 0&#46;66 is indicative of frailty and associated with increased hospital mortality and length of stay in the general population&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0485"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> In the elderly CKD population&#44; the addition of the MPI to the estimated GFR drastically improved prediction of mortality&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0490"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> A study revealed that maintenance haemodialysis &#40;HD&#41; patients had higher MPI scores than the global geriatric population&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0495"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> The limitation of the MPI score is that it is only been validated in admitted CKD patients and needs endorsement before generalization to the outpatient CKD population&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Finally&#44; to produce a simple yet global frailty assessment for screening purposes&#44; a clinical frailty scale &#40;CFS&#41; has been proposed&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0415"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> Simplicity is the hallmark of the CFS when compared to other methods of assessing frailty&#46; CFS relies on clinical judgement alone and higher scores on the CFS were associated with an increased risk of death &#91;HR 1&#46;30 &#40;95&#37; CI 1&#46;27&#8211;1&#46;33&#41;&#93; and hospitalization &#91;HR 1&#46;46 &#40;95&#37; CI 1&#46;39&#8211;1&#46;53&#41;&#93;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0415"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> In its original form&#44; the CFS was a 7-point scale<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0415"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> and later updated to include nine descriptors&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0465"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> The CFS has been shown to have similar predictive characteristics as the FP and FI in the general population&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0410"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12&#44;13</span></a> In addition&#44; like the SPPB and FI&#44; the CFS is graduated and allows for monitoring of changes in frailty severity over time&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0500"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a> CFS scores at dialysis initiation are associated with higher mortality<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0505"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a> and worse health-related quality of life scores in older patients on assisted peritoneal dialysis &#40;PD&#41; and HD&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0510"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a> CFS seemingly agreed with the FP better than the SPPB and FI&#44; suggesting that the CFS may be a valuable option for accurate screening of frailty when it is not practical to perform a physical assessment&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0515"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a> So CFS is a promising frailty screening tool that could be incorporated into routine clinical renal care&#46; The limitations of the CFS are being a subjective tool and yet to have robust validation data in CKD&#46; Currently there is no consensus as to which measurement of frailty is superior&#46; Since all approaches are associated with clinical outcomes&#44; it is more important that efforts are made to identify frailty in ESRD&#44; regardless of the adopted methodology&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Pathogenesis of frailty in ESRD &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The pathogenesis of frailty in ESRD is multifactorial&#46; Reduced intake contributes to sarcopenia and later physical frailty&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0525"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span></a> The contributing factors for loss of appetite include the uraemic milieu&#44; inflammation&#44; comorbid illnesses&#44; medications and associated low mood and cognitive impairment&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0525"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35&#44;36</span></a> Physical inactivity is the other important factor in CKD which contributes for sarcopenia&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0535"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span></a> The increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines like interleukin &#40;IL-6&#41; and tumour necrosis factor alpha &#40;TNF-a&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0540"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38</span></a> leads to impaired signalling of the anabolic hormones insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 &#40;IGF&#41;-1&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0525"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35&#44;39</span></a> This leads to muscle protein breakdown via the caspase-3 and ubiquitin proteasome system&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0540"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38</span></a> Metabolic acidosis also activates caspase-3 and inhibits intracellular signalling of insulin and IGF-1&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0525"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35&#44;38</span></a> All of the above results in a state of protein catabolism leading to sarcopenia&#46; It has been shown that 1&#44; 25&#40;OH&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> D is a determinant of physical function and muscle size in those with CKD&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0550"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">40</span></a> So deficiency of Vitamin D also may be a factor in the development of frailty in CKD&#46; Finally&#44; cellular senescence&#44; loss of telomeric structures&#44; mitochondrial dysfunction&#44; increased free radical production and poor DNA repair capability are important in the ageing process and the development of frailty&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0555"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">41</span></a> These processes occur prematurely in CKD population ultimately leading to sarcopenia&#44; vascular dysfunction and progressive organ damage&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0560"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">42</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Frailty as a marker of prognosis in ESRD</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Fraility is independently predictive of adverse outcomes&#44; including falls&#44; hospitalization and mortality in the elderly general population&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0420"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> Furthermore&#44; the presence of intermediate frailty &#40;or pre-frailty&#41;&#44; was predictive of becoming frail over the next 3&#8211;4 years&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0420"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> Studies that were done in the ESRD patients also show a similar pattern&#46; A study demonstrated that frailty at dialysis initiation was associated with an increased risk of mortality &#91;hazard ratio &#91;HR&#93; 1&#46;57 &#40;95&#37; CI 1&#46;25&#8211;1&#46;97&#41;&#93; and first hospitalization &#91;HR 1&#46;26 &#40;95&#37; CI 1&#46;09&#8211;1&#46;45&#41;&#93;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0375"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> Another study categorized dialysis patients as either non-frail&#44; intermediately frail or frail&#46; It was seen that proportion of participants admitted to hospital on two or more occasions over the subsequent year after enrolment was 43&#37; for frail dialysis patients compared to 28&#37; for nonfrail dialysis patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0565"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">43</span></a> The 3-year mortality was 40&#37; for frail dialysis patients&#46; 34&#37; of those categorized as intermediately frail patients died within the 3-year follow-up period&#44; compared with only 16&#37; of those who are non-frail&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0565"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">43</span></a> Thus&#44; differentiating degrees of frailty offers even greater clinical utility&#46; Another study by the same group assessed frailty in 95 dialysis patients for falls&#46; Over a 6&#46;7-month follow-up period&#44; there were 3&#46;09-fold &#40;95&#37; CI 1&#46;38&#8211;6&#46;90&#41; more falls in frail patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0570"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">44</span></a> The other studies in dialysis patients are listed in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#46; With the present evidence&#44; it is clear that assessment of frailty is an important prognostic indicator in dialysis patients and it predicts mortality&#44; hospitalization and falls irrespective of the methods used for assessment&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Current guidance</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Among present guidelines on dialysis&#44; the frailty is being addressed in the 2016 European renal best practice &#40;ERBP&#41; guideline&#46; Frailty screening should be considered in all older adults who are not otherwise at risk of imminently dying or at low risk for progression to ESRD&#46; It emphasizes that frailty scores may help in providing additional information during assessment and shared decision-making on the planning of patients&#46; No specific screening test was recommended&#46; It suggested that after an initial assessment&#44; functional status be reassessed every 6&#8211;8 weeks for dialysis patients&#46; It also recommends exercise therapy and dietary interventions as potential means of modifying frailty and frailty assessment to be a part of advanced care planning &#40;ACP&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0605"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">51</span></a> In 2015&#44; Kidney Disease&#58; Improving Global Outcomes &#40;KDIGO&#41; in partnership with the International Society of Nephrology &#40;ISN&#41;&#44; hosted a controversies conference on supportive care in CKD&#46; The conference highlighted the need for identifying patients pre-dialysis and as well on dialysis who may be frail and may not benefit or may worsen with continuation of dialysis&#46; There was no consensus on ideal tools to decide on patients requiring conservative care&#46; However&#44; there was a stress on using appropriate tools like the modified Karnofsky activity scale or screening activities of daily living&#44; use of &#8220;surprise question&#8221; to assess and prognosticate the patients for conservative care versus conventional kidney replacement therapy &#40;KRT&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0610"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">52</span></a></p></span></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Management</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Frail patients with CKD are a distinct population&#44; their risk profile will be different from fit patients&#46; Although&#44; frailty most commonly follows a downward trajectory&#44; there is growing evidence to suggest that it can be improved with intervention&#46; A holistic assessment with individualized assessment and targeted management strategy will be the key&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">First and foremost&#44; it is important to address undernutrition&#46; The possible causes for decreased appetite&#44; like uraemia&#44; metabolic acidosis&#44; intercurrent illness&#44; medications&#44; and comorbid conditions such as depression should be identified and treated&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0525"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35&#44;39&#44;53</span></a> Though there might not be a survival benefit &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;29&#41;&#44; but oral nutritional supplementation was associated with fewer hospital admissions&#44; in those with ESRD and hypalbuminaemia&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0620"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">54</span></a> The dietary phosphate restriction in ESRD patients with frailty may outweigh the benefits and result in further worsening of undernutrition and protein-energy&#46; So dietary phosphate restriction should be individualized to allow adequate nutritional intake&#46; Recent guidelines by ERBP in 2016 state that &#8216;preserving nutritional status should prevail over any other dietary restriction&#8217;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0605"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">51</span></a></p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Exercise has well-established&#44; multifaceted benefits for improving the frailty in ESRD patients&#46; Dialysis patients&#44; in general&#44; live a sedentary lifestyle&#46; Decreased physical activity in elderly haemodialysis patients has been associated with a risk of increased mortality&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0625"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">55</span></a> Exercise helps in improvements in muscle strength&#44; cardiovascular function&#44; physical function and health-related quality of life&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0630"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">56</span></a> Even a modest amount of exercise in severely frail patients have shown a variety of benefits like better mobility&#44; independence&#44; quality of life&#44; bone mineral density and reduced falls&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0635"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">57</span></a> Aerobic&#44; resistance and combined exercise programmes have demonstrated substantial benefits&#46; Both intradialytic and interdialytic exercise programmes are helpful in improving frailty&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0640"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">58&#8211;60</span></a> Regular exercise increased muscle mass and reduced systemic inflammation in CKD population&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0655"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">61&#44;62</span></a> A study concluded that exercising during non-dialysis days was most effective&#44; but intra-dialysis exercising was both effective and preferable&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0645"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">59</span></a> Individualized exercise programme should be part of targeted therapy for all frail ESRD patients and seems to be valuable regardless of the type or mode of exercise&#46; Apart from nutritional care and exercise&#44; falls prevention measures&#44; and timely control of ESRD complications&#44; the inclusion of frailty management as part of ACP may help frail ESRD patients to improve their overall outcomes&#46;</p><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Choice of KRT in frail ESRD</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dialysis and transplant are significant stressors to an ESRD patient&#44; and therefore should only be expected to benefit who are adequately robust&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0665"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">63</span></a> The severity of frailty significantly impacts on patient&#39;s experience of different kidney replacement therapies&#46; As a patient&#39;s frailty severity progresses&#44; the nephrologist&#39;s focus should shift to potentially modifying care to less invasive treatment options like incremental dialysis or conservative management&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Incremental HD is one of the proposed strategies for limiting frailty&#46; It has been shown to slow the loss of residual kidney function in ESRD&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0670"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">64</span></a> It means to start with one&#47;week or two&#47;week HD regimens which are shorter or less frequent than standard three times per week maintenance therapy&#46; Later it can be increased over time to accommodate a further decline in residual kidney function&#46; By starting frail patients on incremental HD&#44; the physiologic stress of dialysis is decreased&#46; It leads to reduced post dialysis recovery time&#44; less interference with social and family life&#44; and ultimately better quality of life&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0675"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">65</span></a> Incremental PD may be considered as an option as well&#46; Home HD &#40;either conventional&#44; frequent&#44; or intensive&#41; in frail patients may be another solution&#46; But the evidence on peritoneal or home HD is not substantial&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0510"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32&#44;66</span></a> Similar to PD&#44; home HD allows greater involvement of family&#44; no travel burden of in-centre haemodialysis&#44; and more flexibility&#46; An important future consideration is an evaluation of the impact of PD or home HD on frailty&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Kidney transplant is a significant physiologic stress to frail ESRD patients&#46; Frail patients have an increased risk of postoperative complications and mortality&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0685"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">67&#44;68</span></a> It is currently unclear at what degree of frailty the risks of transplantation outweigh the benefits&#46; But transplant itself may be one of the &#8220;interventions&#8221; that could improve a patient&#39;s frailty significantly&#46; Although frailty initially worsens post-transplant&#44; it has been shown to improve as early as three months post transplantation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0695"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">69</span></a> A study showed a similar survival benefit in frail and fit patients by 9 months post-transplant&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0700"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">70</span></a> As frailty advances&#44; the risks and benefits of more invasive options for KRT should be reassessed&#46; The option of conservative treatment with symptomatic management without any dialytic support must be explored with patients and families&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0605"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">51</span></a></p></span></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Conclusion</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Frailty is highly prevalent in ESRD patients independent of age&#46; The pathogenesis of frailty in ESRD is multifactorial&#46; Frail patients are likely to have higher morbidity and mortality compared to non-frail counterparts&#46; Many frailty screening tools have been studied and validated in different settings of CKD and ESRD&#46; In the absence of a consensus on the ideal screening tool&#44; the emphasis should be placed on to use any one of the tools to identify frailty&#46; A holistic individual assessment to address risk factors that may exacerbate its progression should be considered&#46; Adequate nutritional intake is essential and individualized exercise programmes should be offered to all frail ESRD patients along with psychological and social support&#46; Though the ERBP in 2016 and KDIGO in 2015 have attempted to incorporate frailty screening in ESRD population&#44; it is yet to receive widespread acceptance&#46; It is the time for the nephrology community to include it in routine practice to inform discussions with patients about conservative treatment or select a suitable mode of kidney replacement therapy&#44; tailor the dialysis prescription as per the needs of the individual rather have a &#8220;one size fits all&#8221; approach&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Data availability</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Not required&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Ethical approval</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The procedures followed were in accordance with Declaration of Helsinki and its revisions&#46; Informed consent from the subjects is not required</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Funding</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Not required&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "titulo" => "Keywords"
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          "titulo" => "Resumen"
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        3 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1899851"
          "titulo" => "Palabras clave"
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        4 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0005"
          "titulo" => "Introduction"
        ]
        5 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0010"
          "titulo" => "Definitions and frailty measurement tools"
        ]
        6 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0015"
          "titulo" => "Pathogenesis of frailty in ESRD &#40;Fig&#46; 1&#41;"
        ]
        7 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "sec0020"
          "titulo" => "Frailty as a marker of prognosis in ESRD"
          "secciones" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0025"
              "titulo" => "Current guidance"
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          ]
        ]
        8 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "sec0030"
          "titulo" => "Management"
          "secciones" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0035"
              "titulo" => "Choice of KRT in frail ESRD"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        9 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0040"
          "titulo" => "Conclusion"
        ]
        10 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0045"
          "titulo" => "Data availability"
        ]
        11 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0050"
          "titulo" => "Ethical approval"
        ]
        12 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0055"
          "titulo" => "Funding"
        ]
        13 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0060"
          "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest"
        ]
        14 => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "References"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
    "tienePdf" => true
    "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1899850"
          "palabras" => array:5 [
            0 => "Frailty"
            1 => "End stage renal disease"
            2 => "Dialysis"
            3 => "Sarcopenia"
            4 => "Senescent nephropathy"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "es" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Palabras clave"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1899851"
          "palabras" => array:5 [
            0 => "Fragilidad"
            1 => "Enfermedad renal en etapa terminal"
            2 => "Di&#225;lisis"
            3 => "Sarcopenia"
            4 => "Nefropat&#237;a senescente"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
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    "resumen" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Frailty is common in end stage renal disease &#40;ESRD&#41; and is a marker of poor outcomes&#46; Its prevalence increases as chronic kidney disease &#40;CKD&#41; progresses&#46; There are different measurement tools available to assess frailty in ESRD&#46; The pathogenesis of frailty in ESRD is multifactorial including uraemia and dialysis related factors&#46; In this current review&#44; we discuss the importance of frailty&#44; its pathogenesis&#44; screening methods&#44; prognostic implications and management strategies in context of ESRD&#46;</p></span>"
      ]
      "es" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La fragilidad es com&#250;n en la enfermedad renal en etapa terminal &#40;ESRD&#41; y es un marcador de malos resultados&#46; Su la prevalencia aumenta a medida que avanza la enfermedad renal cr&#243;nica &#40;ERC&#41;&#46; Hay diferentes herramientas de medici&#243;n disponibles para evaluar la fragilidad en la ERT&#46; La patogenia de la fragilidad en la ESRD es multifactorial que incluye uremia y factores relacionados con la di&#225;lisis&#46; En esta revisi&#243;n actual&#44; discutimos la importancia de la fragilidad&#44; su patog&#233;nesis&#44; m&#233;todos de cribado&#44; implicaciones pron&#243;sticas y estrategias de manejo en el contexto de la ESRD&#46;</p></span>"
      ]
    ]
    "NotaPie" => array:1 [
      0 => array:3 [
        "etiqueta" => "1"
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Ankur Gupta act as guarantor for other authors&#46;</p>"
        "identificador" => "fn0005"
      ]
    ]
    "multimedia" => array:3 [
      0 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Fig&#46; 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
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        "figura" => array:1 [
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Pathogenesis of frailty in end stage renal disease &#40;Abbreviations&#58; CNS &#8211; central nervous system&#44; CKD &#8211; chronic kidney disease&#44; MIA &#8211; malnutrition inflammation-atherosclerosis&#44; IGF &#8211; insulin like growth factor&#41;&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      1 => array:8 [
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        "etiqueta" => "Table 1"
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                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Tool&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Components&#47;domains&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Advantages&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Disadvantages&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Fried&#39;s frailty criteria &#40;Fried et al&#46;&#44; 2001&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0420"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Physical &#8211; weight loss&#44; low physical activity&#44; exhaustion&#44; slowness&#44; weakness&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Most commonly used and extensively validated in chronic kidney disease &#40;CKD&#41; and end stage renal disease &#40;ESRD&#41; populationObjective measures also used hence reproducible&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Need to perform physical testsAssesses only physical domainCategorical grading of components&#44; hence may identify only moderate to severe casesWeight loss criteria may not be practical in dialysis patients&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Short Physical Battery performance &#40;Guralnik et al&#46;&#44; 1994&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0520"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Physical &#8211; Balance&#44; gait&#44; strength&#44; and endurance&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Validated in CKD and ESRD populationObjective assessmentRisk scoring is on a continuous scale hence can help identify mild cases and also monitor progress&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Only physical domains assessedPhysical testing may be cumbersome&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Groningen Frailty Indicator &#40;Steverink et al&#46;&#44; 2001&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0470"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Multiple &#8211; Physical&#44; cognitive&#44; social and psychological&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No physical tests to be performed hence easierGives information of day to day functionality of the patient&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Not well validated in CKD and ESRDSubjective assessment in many domainsLess sensitive to detect defects in physical domains&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Clinical Frailty Scale &#40;Rockwood et al&#46;&#44; 2005&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0415"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Multiple &#8211; Physical cognitive&#44; functional&#44; comorbid illness&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Based on clinical judgement&#44; simple to useAllows for gradation and monitoring progress&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Many components subjectiveVery fit ESRD patients will also be scored as 3 &#40;Managing Well&#41; on account of co-morbidityNot well validated CKD&#47;ESRD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Frailty Index &#40;Rockwood and Mitnitsky 2001&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0405"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Multiple &#8211; Physical&#44; cognition&#44; co morbid illness&#44; symptoms&#44; disabilities&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Covers multiple domains&#44; which can be created specifically for a target populationPatients can be graded&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Time consuming to calculate because of mathematical nature&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Multidisciplinary prognostic index &#40;Pilotto et al&#46;&#44; 2008&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0480"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Multiple &#8211; medication number&#44; instrumental activities of daily living &#40;IADLs&#41;&#44; ADLs&#44; cognitive status&#44; nutritional status&#44; risk of developing pressure soresco-morbidity and living status&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Help predict the longevity of hospitalization&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Validated predominantly for hospitalized patients only&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Measures of frailty in end stage renal disease&#46;</p>"
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        "etiqueta" => "Table 2"
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            "identificador" => "at2"
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        "tabla" => array:1 [
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Study authors&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Frailty measurement tool used&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Study characteristics&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Outcomes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Johansen et al&#46; &#40;2007&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0430"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Modified fried phenotype&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2275 incident haemodialysis &#40;HD&#41; patients of Dialysis Morbidity and Mortality Wave 2 study&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Frailty was independently associated with higher risk of death &#40;adjusted hazard ratio &#91;HR&#93; 2&#46;24&#44; 95&#37; confidence interval &#91;CI&#93; 1&#46;60&#8211;3&#46;15&#41; and composite of death or hospitalization &#40;adjusted HR 1&#46;63&#44; 95&#37; CI 1&#46;41&#8211;1&#46;87&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Bao et al&#46; &#40;2012&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0375"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Modified fried phenotype&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1576 incident HD patients from the comprehensive dialysis study cohort of the United States renal data system&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">73&#37; prevalence of frailtyFrail patients had increased mortality &#40;HR 1&#46;57&#44; 95&#37; CI 1&#46;25&#8211;1&#46;97&#41; and faster time to hospitalization &#40;HR 1&#46;26&#44; 95&#37; CI 1&#46;09&#8211;1&#46;45&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">McAdams de Marco et al&#46; &#40;2013&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0565"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">43</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Fried phenotype&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">146 maintenance HD patients at single centre&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Intermediate frailty and frailty were associated with a 2&#46;7 times &#40;95&#37; &#40;CI&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;02&#8211;7&#46;07&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;046&#41; and 2&#46;6 times &#40;95&#37; CI<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;04&#8211;6&#46;49&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;04&#41; greater risk of death independent of age&#44; sex&#44; comorbidity&#44; and disability&#46;Frailty was associated with 1&#46;4 times &#40;95&#37; CI<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;00&#8211;2&#46;03&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;049&#41; more hospitalizations&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">McAdams de Marco et al&#46; &#40;2013&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0570"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">44</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Fried phenotype&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">95 maintenance HD patients&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Frailty independently predicted a 3&#46;09-fold &#40;95&#37; CI&#58; 1&#46;38&#8211;6&#46;90&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;006&#41; higher number of falls&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Alfaadhel et al&#46; &#40;2015&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0505"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Clinical Frailty Scale &#40;CFS&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">390 patients on maintenance HD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">HR for mortality associated with each 1-point increase in the CFS was 1&#46;22 &#40;95&#37; CI&#44; 1&#46;04&#8211;1&#46;43&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;02&#41;&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Lee et al&#46; &#40;2017&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0575"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">45</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Modified cardiovascular health study frailty &#40;CHS&#41; phenotype&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1255 HD and 403 PD patients&#44; multicentre&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Frailty was associated with hospitalization &#40;adjusted HR&#44; 1&#46;80&#59; 95&#37; CI&#58; 1&#46;38&#8211;2&#46;36&#41; and mortality &#40;HR&#44; 2&#46;37&#44; 95&#37; CI&#58; 1&#46;11&#8211;5&#46;02&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Lee et al&#46; &#40;2017&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0580"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">46</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Multidimensional frailty score&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">46 elderly incident HD patients&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Mortality or cardiovascularHospitalization for frailty groupHR 23&#46;58 &#40;1&#46;61&#8211;346&#46;03&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">McAdams de Marco et al&#46; &#40;2018&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0585"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">47</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Frieds phenotype&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1975 HD patients on transplant wait list&#44; multicentre cohort&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Frailty associated with increased mortality &#40;HR 2&#46;19&#44; 95&#37; CI&#58; 1&#46;26&#8211;3&#46;79&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Fitzpatrick et al&#46; &#40;2019&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0590"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">48</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Frieds phenotype&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">370 incident HD patients enrolled in the Predictors of Arrhythmic and Cardiovascular Risk in End Stage Renal Disease &#40;PACE&#41; study&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Frail patients had 1&#46;66-fold increased mortality risk &#91;95&#37; &#40;CI&#41; 1&#46;03&#8211;2&#46;67&#93;&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Johansen et al&#46; &#40;2019&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0595"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">49</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Frieds phenotype&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">727 maintenance HD patience&#44; multicentre&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">HR of 2&#46;73 for one frailty component fulfilled to 10&#46;07 for five components&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Aurora et al&#46; &#40;2020&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0600"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">50</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Fried phenotype&#44; short physical performance battery&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">117 elderly &#40;&#62;69 years&#41; HD patients&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Frail patients had higher mortality risk&#44; HR 2&#46;6 &#40;95&#37; CI 0&#46;9&#8211;7&#46;9&#41; versus non frail at 12 months&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Studies on outcomes in patients with frailty in end stage renal disease&#46;</p>"
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    "bibliografia" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "References"
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                            0 => "Y&#46; Bao"
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                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
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Article information

ISSN: 20132514
Original language: English

DOI:10.1016/j.nefroe.2021.05.008

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