Letter to the Editor
Etanercept in the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis and nephrotic syndrome in the context of AA amyloidosis: A 48-month follow-up
Etanercept en el tratamiento de la espondilitis anquilosante y el síndrome nefrótico en el contexto de la amiloidosis aa: un seguimiento de 48 meses
Ana Domingosa,
, Joana Vidinhaa, Rui Osóriob, Teresa Jerónimoa, Célia Ribeiroc, Catarina Mendonçab, Mário Góisd, Pedro Leão Nevesa,e
Corresponding author
a Division of Nephrology – Centro Hospitalar e Universitário do Algarve – Faro, Portugal
b Division of Internal Medicine – Centro Hospitalar e Universitário do Algarve – Faro, Portugal
c Division of Rheumatology – Centro Hospitalar e Universitário do Algarve – Faro, Portugal
d Laboratory of Renal Morphology, Hospital de Curry Cabral, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Lisboa Central, Portugal
e University of Algarve – Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine – Faro, Portugal
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"apellidos" => "Domingos" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "ana_t_d@sapo.pt" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Joana" "apellidos" => "Vidinha" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Rui" "apellidos" => "Osório" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Teresa" "apellidos" => "Jerónimo" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Célia" "apellidos" => "Ribeiro" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => 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Internal Medicine – Centro Hospitalar e Universitário do Algarve – Faro, Portugal" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Division of Rheumatology – Centro Hospitalar e Universitário do Algarve – Faro, Portugal" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] 3 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Laboratory of Renal Morphology, Hospital de Curry Cabral, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Lisboa Central, Portugal" "etiqueta" => "d" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] 4 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "University of Algarve – Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine – Faro, Portugal" "etiqueta" => "e" "identificador" => "aff0025" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Corresponding author</span>." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Etanercept en el tratamiento de la espondilitis anquilosante y el síndrome nefrótico en el contexto de la amiloidosis aa: un seguimiento de 48 meses" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 734 "Ancho" => 2918 "Tamanyo" => 278673 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">(A) Light microscopy (PAS, ×400) showing amorphous deposition in mesangium and invading the basement membrane. (B) Congo red stain under polarized light showing apple-green birefringence of amyloid deposits in glomeruli and small arteries. (C) IMF showing amyloid deposition.</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Amyloidosis represents a family of diseases characterized by the deposition of proteinaceous material in the extracellular space that, by forming insoluble clusters on various tissues and organs, affects its function.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Amyloidosis can be classified as systemic or localized, acquired or hereditary and according to their constitutive proteins.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Systemic subtypes consist of primary AL amyloidosis, secondary amyloid A (AA), familial amyloidosis and β2-microglobulin-related amyloidosis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,4</span></a> AA amyloidosis is classically associated with chronic infections (essentially in developing countries), inflammatory chronic diseases (such as sprondyloarthropathy, inflammatory bowel disease and rheumatoid arthritis), periodic fever syndromes, among other examples.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1–4</span></a> Clinical and laboratory manifestations depend on the type of amyloidosis and may include, for example, easy bruising, macroglossia, signs and symptoms of heart failure or arrhythmias, hepatomegaly, coagulation disorders or nephrotic proteinuria.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1–3</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We present a case of an older woman with nephrotic syndrome and a previously non clarified inflammatory peripheral arthropathy, with the latter becoming responsible for AA amyloidosis. This 48-month follow-up proves the need and effectiveness of properly treating the underlying disease.</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">O. G. D., a 78-year-old caucasian woman with a personal history of seronegative peripheral polyarthritis, poor therapeutic compliance and corticoid-induced diabetes mellitus, was admitted for etiological study of constitutional syndrome, inflammatory arthralgias, diarrhea and anasarca refractory to oral diuretics. Usual medication included methotrexate, deflazacorte, esomeprazole and tapentadol, folic acid, calcium carbonate plus cholecalciferol and insulin. Denied drug allergies.</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The complementary study revealed anemia (normocytic, normochromic) of 9.2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g/dL, normal leukogram, thrombocytosis (720<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>×<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10^9/L), pCr of 1.3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/dL, a 24-h proteinuria (Pu) of 10.4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g, severe hypoalbuminemia of 1.4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g/dL, mixed dyslipidemia as well as elevated sedimentation rate (117<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm/h) and C-reactive protein (77<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/L). Urinary sediment also showed microscopic hematuria (+). Nephrotic syndrome was considered.</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this context, occult neoplasia was excluded. Viral and bacterial screening was negative, as well as autoimmunity. In relation to articular manifestations, there were mostly peripheral joint complaints. However, as it was a seronegative disease (rheumatoid factor and anti-citrulline protein antibodies) and the patient also described low back pain for a long time, this raised the hypothesis of spondyloarthritis, which was confirmed (bilateral radiographic sacroiliitis; antigen HLA-B27 positive) and a definitive diagnosis of ankylosing spondylitis (AS) was established. Intestinal mucosal and renal biopsies revealed amyloid AA deposits (amyloid A protein). Concerning the latter, light microscopy showed amorphous deposition in mesangium and invasion of the basement membrane (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>, panel A), and congo red evidenced amyloid deposits in glomeruli and small arteries (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>, panel B). IMF is also available (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>, panel C). Diffuse tubular atrophy was also described. Additionally, echocardiogram did not suggest cardiac involvement.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Anticipating the need for institution of biological treatment, all appropriate prophylactic measures were implemented (the whole vaccination plan was updated, influenza and antipneumococcal vaccination administered) and microbiological screening was completed, including screening for latent tuberculosis. Due to positive tuberculin skin test and thoracic CT scan sequels, started therapy for nine months with isoniazid (300<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/day).</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">At discharge date, reference to pCr of 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/dL and albumin of 2.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g/dL, beyond the resolution of anasarca and remaining symptomatology. Follow-up consultations in rheumatology, internal medicine and nephrology were scheduled.</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Later, given worsening renal function (maximum pCr of 2.9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/dL) and aggravated proteinuria, which reached 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g/day (with several hypoalbuminemia of 1.9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g/dL), biological therapy with etanercept was instituted (50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/week).</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">One-year follow-up showed improvement in renal function, with pCr reduction from 2.9 to 1.6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/dL, proteinuria up to 5.1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g/day, albuminemia from 1.9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g/dL to 3.4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g/dL and sedimentation rate from 68<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm/h to 39<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm/h.</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">At 48 months of follow-up, pCr is stable (1.4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/dL) and proteinuria improved, under 400<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/day. About AS, also with a good and sustained response, with low disease activity, keeping etanercept as the only immunosuppressive treatment.</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Success after administration of etanercept – widely used in the treatment of inflammatory arthropathies – demonstrates once again that one of the key factors in the treatment and control of AA amyloidosis lies in controlling the underlying disease despite the presence of histologically chronic stigmas.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Funding</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Funding" ] 1 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "multimedia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 734 "Ancho" => 2918 "Tamanyo" => 278673 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">(A) Light microscopy (PAS, ×400) showing amorphous deposition in mesangium and invading the basement membrane. (B) Congo red stain under polarized light showing apple-green birefringence of amyloid deposits in glomeruli and small arteries. (C) IMF showing amyloid deposition.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0015" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:4 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0025" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "“Amyloidosis” – Harrison's principles of internal medicine" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "D.C. Seldin" 1 => "J.L. Berk" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:4 [ "edicion" => "19th ed." "fecha" => "2014" "editorial" => "McGraw-Hill" "editorialLocalizacion" => "New York" ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0030" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Amyloidosis" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "R. Papa" 1 => "H.J. Lachmann" 2 => "A.A. Secondary" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.rdc.2018.06.004" "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Rheum Dis Clin North Am" "fecha" => "2018" "volumen" => "44" "paginaInicial" => "585" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30274625" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0035" "etiqueta" => "3" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Systemic AA amyloidosis: epidemiology, diagnosis, and management" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "D. Real de Asúa" 1 => "R. Costa" 2 => "J.M. Galván" 3 => "M.T. Filigheddu" 4 => "D. Trujillo" 5 => "J. Cadiñanos" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Clin Epidemiol" "fecha" => "2014" "volumen" => "6" "paginaInicial" => "369" "paginaFinal" => "377" ] ] ] ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0040" "etiqueta" => "4" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Systemic amyloidosis: a contemporary overview" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "V. D’Aguanno" 1 => "M. Ralli" 2 => "M. Artico" 3 => "F.Y. Russo" 4 => "A. Scarpa" 5 => "M. Fiore" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:2 [ "tituloSerie" => "Springer – Clin Rev Allergy Immunol" "fecha" => "2019" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "url" => "/20132514/0000004100000002/v1_202106220601/S2013251421000316/v1_202106220601/en/main.assets" "Apartado" => array:4 [ "identificador" => "35436" "tipo" => "SECCION" "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Letters to the Editor" "idiomaDefecto" => true ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" ] "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/20132514/0000004100000002/v1_202106220601/S2013251421000316/v1_202106220601/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA000064&text.app=https://revistanefrologia.com/" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2013251421000316?idApp=UINPBA000064" ]
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