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Biochemically&#58; serum creatinine&#58; 0&#46;64<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dL&#44; haemoglobin&#58; 13&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;dL&#44; albumin&#58; 2&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;dL&#44; creatinine clearance&#58; 126<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL&#47;min&#44; LDL-C&#58; 315<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dL&#44; 24-h urine protein excretion&#58; 19<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;day&#44; 24-hour urine albumin excretion&#58; 10&#46;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;day&#46; Ultrasonographically kidneys were normal&#46; Renal biopsy revealed membranous nephropathy stage 2 &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0005">Figs&#46; 1 and 2</a>&#41;&#46; Our routine infection screening revealed positive results for syphilis antibodies with ELISA test &#40;1&#47;250 cut off index&#41;&#46; Validation tests &#40;Treponema palladium hemagglutination assay &#8211; TPHA &#8211; for both Ig M and Ig G&#41; confirmed the diagnosis of asymptomatic &#40;latent&#41; syphilis&#46; As there was no expressed recent history of high risk sexual behaviour&#44; late latent syphilis was thought and three weekly doses of penicillin G benzathine &#40;2&#46;4 million units i&#46;m&#46;&#41; were given to the patient&#46; Serum complement levels of the patient were normal and proteinuria level of patient was not decreased with this therapy&#46; As anti-phospholipase A2 receptor antibody &#40;PLA2Rab&#41; was positive &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>20 RU&#47;mL&#41; with ELISA test &#40;result&#58; 164<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>RU&#47;mL&#41;&#44; diagnosis of primary membranous glomerulopathy was ascertained&#46; Under treatment of steroid and cyclosporine&#44; his serum albumin levels increased to 3&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;dL&#44; and proteinuria decreased to 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;day within one month&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Most of the membranous glomerulopathy &#40;nearly 75&#37;&#41; cases are known as idiopathic &#40;primary&#41; without any identifiable causes such as infections&#44; drugs&#44; auto-immune diseases&#44; neoplasms&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Serological tests &#40;PLA2Rab&#44; hepatitis B&#44; C&#44; HIV and syphilis&#41; are important for both differential diagnosis of membranous glomerulopathy and minimize side effects of immunosuppressive treatment&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> KDIGO guidelines do not advice to screen for syphilis routinely in patients with primary membranous glomerulopathy&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> In addition&#44; literature review showed many cases of syphilis as a cause of membranous glomerulopathy but as far as we know no report with latent syphilis along with primary membranous glomerulopathy was published&#46; Also&#44; one should remember false positive syphilis results &#40;due to cross reactions with other antibodies&#41; if one of nontreponemal tests &#40;VDRL&#44; RPR&#41; is reactive and other one of treponemal tests &#40;ELISA&#44; TPHA&#44; FTA-ABS&#41; is nonreactive&#46; In order to diagnose the organism directly PCR or direct fluorescent antibody testing for treponema palladium are used&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> Presence of positive serology for syphilis &#40;two different types of treponemal tests for antibodies against syphilis including Ig M and Ig G&#41;&#44; absence of any sign of infection and treatment history is defined as -presumed- latent syphilis as in our case&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Anti-PLA2Rab is very specific for diagnosis and monitoring immunological activity of primary membranous glomerulopathy&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> In our patient&#44; with the presence of anti-PLA2Rab and absence of remission in proteinuria after 3 weeks of optimum treatment against syphilis&#44; primary membranous glomerulopathy related nephrotic syndrome was diagnosed&#46; In this particular patient&#44; if the screening for syphilis had not been done&#44; immunosuppressive treatment for primary membranous glomerulopathy might have led to progression through advanced &#40;tertiary&#41; syphilis infection&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> This case makes us think it should be better to screen for syphilis before onset of immunosuppressive treatment even among patients with primary membranous glomerulopathy&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Authorship contributions</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Concept&#58; Kubra Kaynar&#59; Design&#58; Kubra Kaynar&#44; Beyhan Guvercin&#59; Control&#58; Sukru Ulusoy&#59; Data Collection&#58; Sevdegul Mungan&#59; Literature review&#58; Kubra Kaynar&#59; Writing the manuscript&#58; Kubra Kaynar&#44; Beyhan Guvercin&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Compliance with ethical standards</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No conflict of interests was declared&#46; No fund was taken&#46; Informed consent was obtained from the patient&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None&#46;</p></span></span>"
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Letter to the Editor
Don’t forget syphilis in membranous nephropathy before immunosuppressants: Latent syphilis in a patient with proteinuria
No olvide la sífilis en la nefropatía membranosa antes de los inmunosupresores
Kubra Kaynara,
Corresponding author
kkaynar@yahoo.com

Corresponding author.
, Beyhan Güvercina, Sevdegül Munganb, Şükrü Ulusoya
a Department of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
b Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients with proteinuria especially nephrotic syndrome are more prone to infections both due to immunosuppressive drugs used in treatment and low Ig G levels because of loss through urine&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> In addition&#44; certain infections such as hepatitis B and C&#44; human immunodefficiency virus &#40;HIV&#41; might be responsible for the glomerulonephritis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> So detailed medical history and certain screening tests are mandatory for discrimination of primary glomerulonephritis from secondary post-infectious forms and for protection of the patients from reactivation of silent micro-organisms with induction of immunosuppressive therapy&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">37 years old male married patient with a history of panic attack and hypertension was presented with dispnea due to pleural effusion&#46; Biochemically&#58; serum creatinine&#58; 0&#46;64<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dL&#44; haemoglobin&#58; 13&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;dL&#44; albumin&#58; 2&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;dL&#44; creatinine clearance&#58; 126<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL&#47;min&#44; LDL-C&#58; 315<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dL&#44; 24-h urine protein excretion&#58; 19<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;day&#44; 24-hour urine albumin excretion&#58; 10&#46;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;day&#46; Ultrasonographically kidneys were normal&#46; Renal biopsy revealed membranous nephropathy stage 2 &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0005">Figs&#46; 1 and 2</a>&#41;&#46; Our routine infection screening revealed positive results for syphilis antibodies with ELISA test &#40;1&#47;250 cut off index&#41;&#46; Validation tests &#40;Treponema palladium hemagglutination assay &#8211; TPHA &#8211; for both Ig M and Ig G&#41; confirmed the diagnosis of asymptomatic &#40;latent&#41; syphilis&#46; As there was no expressed recent history of high risk sexual behaviour&#44; late latent syphilis was thought and three weekly doses of penicillin G benzathine &#40;2&#46;4 million units i&#46;m&#46;&#41; were given to the patient&#46; Serum complement levels of the patient were normal and proteinuria level of patient was not decreased with this therapy&#46; As anti-phospholipase A2 receptor antibody &#40;PLA2Rab&#41; was positive &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>20 RU&#47;mL&#41; with ELISA test &#40;result&#58; 164<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>RU&#47;mL&#41;&#44; diagnosis of primary membranous glomerulopathy was ascertained&#46; Under treatment of steroid and cyclosporine&#44; his serum albumin levels increased to 3&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;dL&#44; and proteinuria decreased to 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;day within one month&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Most of the membranous glomerulopathy &#40;nearly 75&#37;&#41; cases are known as idiopathic &#40;primary&#41; without any identifiable causes such as infections&#44; drugs&#44; auto-immune diseases&#44; neoplasms&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Serological tests &#40;PLA2Rab&#44; hepatitis B&#44; C&#44; HIV and syphilis&#41; are important for both differential diagnosis of membranous glomerulopathy and minimize side effects of immunosuppressive treatment&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> KDIGO guidelines do not advice to screen for syphilis routinely in patients with primary membranous glomerulopathy&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> In addition&#44; literature review showed many cases of syphilis as a cause of membranous glomerulopathy but as far as we know no report with latent syphilis along with primary membranous glomerulopathy was published&#46; Also&#44; one should remember false positive syphilis results &#40;due to cross reactions with other antibodies&#41; if one of nontreponemal tests &#40;VDRL&#44; RPR&#41; is reactive and other one of treponemal tests &#40;ELISA&#44; TPHA&#44; FTA-ABS&#41; is nonreactive&#46; In order to diagnose the organism directly PCR or direct fluorescent antibody testing for treponema palladium are used&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> Presence of positive serology for syphilis &#40;two different types of treponemal tests for antibodies against syphilis including Ig M and Ig G&#41;&#44; absence of any sign of infection and treatment history is defined as -presumed- latent syphilis as in our case&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Anti-PLA2Rab is very specific for diagnosis and monitoring immunological activity of primary membranous glomerulopathy&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> In our patient&#44; with the presence of anti-PLA2Rab and absence of remission in proteinuria after 3 weeks of optimum treatment against syphilis&#44; primary membranous glomerulopathy related nephrotic syndrome was diagnosed&#46; In this particular patient&#44; if the screening for syphilis had not been done&#44; immunosuppressive treatment for primary membranous glomerulopathy might have led to progression through advanced &#40;tertiary&#41; syphilis infection&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> This case makes us think it should be better to screen for syphilis before onset of immunosuppressive treatment even among patients with primary membranous glomerulopathy&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Authorship contributions</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Concept&#58; Kubra Kaynar&#59; Design&#58; Kubra Kaynar&#44; Beyhan Guvercin&#59; Control&#58; Sukru Ulusoy&#59; Data Collection&#58; Sevdegul Mungan&#59; Literature review&#58; Kubra Kaynar&#59; Writing the manuscript&#58; Kubra Kaynar&#44; Beyhan Guvercin&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Compliance with ethical standards</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No conflict of interests was declared&#46; No fund was taken&#46; Informed consent was obtained from the patient&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None&#46;</p></span></span>"
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Article information
ISSN: 20132514
Original language: English
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