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Increased serum renalase in peritoneal dialysis patients: Is it related to cardiovascular disease risk?
Aumento de renalasa sérica en pacientes de diálisis peritoneal: ¿está relacionado con el riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular?
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Median serum renalase level was significantly higher in PD patients than in control group [176.5 (100–278.3) vs 122 (53.3–170.0)<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng/ml] (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.001).</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Ebru Gok Oguz, Hadim Akoglu, Gulay Ulusal Okyay, Guner Karaveli Gursoy, Tolga Yildirim, Ozgur Merhametsiz, Tolga Cimen, Basol Canbakan, Ekrem Yeter, M. 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Deniz Ayli" "autores" => array:10 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Ebru" "apellidos" => "Gok Oguz" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "ebrugokoguz@hotmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Hadim" "apellidos" => "Akoglu" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Gulay" "apellidos" => "Ulusal Okyay" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Guner" "apellidos" => "Karaveli Gursoy" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Tolga" "apellidos" => "Yildirim" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Ozgur" "apellidos" => "Merhametsiz" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Tolga" "apellidos" => "Cimen" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 7 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Basol" "apellidos" => "Canbakan" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 8 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Ekrem" "apellidos" => "Yeter" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 9 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "M. Deniz" "apellidos" => "Ayli" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Education and Research Hospital, Department of Nephrology, Ankara, Turkey" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Education and Research Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Ankara, Turkey" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Corresponding author</span>." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Aumento de renalasa sérica en pacientes de diálisis peritoneal: ¿está relacionado con el riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular?" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1080 "Ancho" => 1517 "Tamanyo" => 55318 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Comparison of serum renalase levels between patients and healthy subjects. Median serum renalase level was significantly higher in PD patients than in control group [176.5 (100–278.3) vs 122 (53.3–170.0)<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng/ml] (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.001).</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cardiovascular disease (CVD), defined as the presence of either congestive heart failure, ischemic heart disease, or left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD) treated with dialysis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,2</span></a> In addition to conventional risk factors, these patients are exposed to kidney disease specific factors including uremic toxins, anemia, vascular calcification, endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress and hypervolemia, which accelerate development of CVD.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Recently, epicardial adipose tissue (EAT), the visceral adipose tissue surrounding the heart and subepicardial coronary vessels, has been found to correlate with several cardiac comorbidities, including coronary artery disease and left ventricular dysfunction in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis (PD) or hemodialysis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4–6</span></a> The relation between EAT and CVD is not fully understood but has been attributed to the several proatherosclerotic and proinflammatory hormones and cytokines such as TNF-a, IL-6, and adipocytokines, which are secreted from EAT and influence cardiac function.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5,7</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Renalase, a recently discovered enzyme with monoamine oxidase activity, is implicated in degradation of catecholamines. This suggests novel mechanisms of cardiovascular complications in patients with chronic kidney diseases (CKD).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> Studies have demonstrated a stepwise increase in serum renalase concentration with higher stages of kidney disease and markedly increased serum renalase levels in patients with ESRD both on hemodialysis and PD.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9–11</span></a> The present study aimed to evaluate the possible correlations of serum renalase levels with EAT thickness and other CVD risk factors in PD patients.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Material and methods</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Study population</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This is a cross-sectional study involving patients with ESRD older than 18 years old who received PD for at least 6 months (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>50) in our outpatient peritoneal dialysis unit and 40 healthy controls. Patients with structural heart disease (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1), cardiac myopathy or pericardial disease (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2), active infection (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5), or other chronic inflammatory conditions (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2) were excluded. Ultimately, a total of 40 PD patients (22 males and 18 females; mean age, 45.3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>13.8 years) were analyzed for the study. All patients were on continuous ambulatory PD with four manual exchanges daily using 1500–2500<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml solutions. Glucose concentrations of the solutions were adjusted depending on the patients’ body fluid status. When indicated, the patients received icodextrin or nutritional treatment. The dose of dialysis was prescribed to reach a weekly Kt/V urea target of >1.7. The control group included 40 age- and gender-matched healthy individuals (22 males and 18 females; mean age: 44.7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12.9 years) without any relevant systemic diseases. All subjects gave written informed consent, and the study protocol was reviewed and approved by the local ethics committee. The study was carried out in adherence to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Data collection and laboratory measurements</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Demographic findings of the patients were obtained from the patients’ charts. All subjects underwent blood pressure (BP) and anthropometric measurements (height in cm, body weight in kg) and venous blood drawing. Systolic and diastolic BPs of the participants were measured by using a sphygmomanometer with an appropriate cuff size with the subject in the sitting position after 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min or more of rest. The mean value of three readings was used for the analysis. Blood samples were obtained by trained personnel from all the participants via antecubital venipuncture after a 12-hour overnight fast. Complete blood count, serum albumin, glucose, creatinine, parathormone (PTH), ferritin, C-reactive protein (CRP), total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, triglycerides and high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels were assessed in all the participants by using standard laboratory techniques for hospital use. For measurement of renalase, 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml of venous blood specimens were obtained, centrifuged at appropriate conditions and kept at −80 degrees for maximum 1 month. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit by Uscn Life Science Inc. (China), using a monoclonal antibody specific to renalase, was used. Renalase levels are expressed in ng/ml.</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Measurement of LVH</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All the participants underwent two dimensional M-mode transthoracic color Doppler echocardiography imaging with a Philips IE-33 system and S5-1 transducer (1e5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mHz, Philips, Bothell, WA, USA). Echocardiography was performed in all the participants by the same cardiologist. In left lateral decubitis position from parasternal longaxis views, standard M-mode measurements of interventricular septum thickness (IVST), left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD), and left ventricular posterior wall thickness (LVPWT) were measured. Left ventricular mass (LVM) was calculated by using the Penn Cube Conversion formula.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12,13</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">LVM (g)<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1.04<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>×<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>[(LVEDD<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>+<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>IVST<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>+<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>LVPWT)<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>−<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>(LVEDD)<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>]<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>−<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>13.6. LVM was divided by body surface area to find left ventricular mass index (LVMI). LVMI of >131<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g/m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> for men and >100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g/m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> for women was accepted as LVH.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Measurement of EAT thickness</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Epicardial adipose tissue was identified as the echo-free space between the outer wall of the myocardium and the visceral layer of the pericardium, and its thickness was measured perpendicularly on the free wall of the right ventricle at the end-systole in three cardiac cycles. Parasternal long- and short-axis views were used. The average value of three cardiac cycles from each echocardiographic view was considered.</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Statistical analysis</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For statistical analysis, Statistical Package for Social Sciences for Windows 16.0 was used. Continuous variables were expressed as mean<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>standard deviation (in the presence of a normal distribution) or median and interquartile differences in 25th and 75th percentiles (in the absence of a normal distribution). Intergroup comparisons were made with Student's <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span> test (in data with a normal distribution) or with Mann–Whitney <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">U</span> test (in data without a normal distribution). Categorical variables were compared with Chi-square test or Fischer Exact test, where appropriate. Pearson correlation coefficient was used for continuous variables with normal distribution and Spearman correlation coefficient was used for continuous variables which are not normally distributed. <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.05 was considered significant.</p></span></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Results</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The demographic and biochemical parameters of the PD patients and healthy subjects are presented in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>. The groups were well-matched for age and gender. BMI was significantly lower in the control group than in the PD patients. As expected, the average systolic and diastolic blood pressures were significantly higher in the PD patients than in the controls. Renal function tests were in normal ranges in the healthy subjects. Serum ferritin and PTH levels were significantly higher but hemoglobin, serum albumin and HDL cholesterol levels were significantly lower in the PD patients than in the control group. Echocardiographic evaluations revealed significantly increased LVMI and EAT thickness in the PD patients compared to the controls (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>). Mean serum renalase was significantly higher in the PD patients than in the control group (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.001) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>). <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a> shows correlations of renalase with cardiovascular risk factors in the PD patients. Twenty patients (50%) had residual renal function (RRF) and renalase levels were negatively correlated with RRF (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>−0.511, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.021) in these patients. Renalase was positively correlated with CRP (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.705, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.001). No correlation was observed between renalase and EAT thickness (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>−0.81 and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.618) or LVMI (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>−0.145, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.373). Also, renalase did not correlate with other CVD risk factors. Interestingly, there was a strong correlation between EAT thickness and LVMI in both the PD patients (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.848, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.001) and the controls (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.640, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.001).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Discussion</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The present study revealed that increased serum renalase was closely correlated with residual renal function in the PD patients. In agreement with this finding, other studies also reported higher levels of serum renalase in PD and hemodialysis patients than in healthy volunteers, which were correlated with residual renal function.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9,10,15,16</span></a> Furthermore, serum renalase levels were negatively correlated with glomerular filtration rates and increased in a graded fashion from CKD stage 2–5 in both CKD and kidney transplant patients.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11,17,18</span></a> Since renalase is an amine oxidase that metabolizes circulating catecholamines and reduce their plasma levels, experimental and genetic studies proposed a protective effect of renalase in regulation of blood pressure and development of cardiovascular complications in kidney disease patients. A further link between polymorphisms in the renalase gene and the risk of development of hypertension and cardiovascular diseases was also reported in these patients.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8,19–21</span></a> In those studies, measuring renalase levels by western blot using a polyclonal antibody resulted in marked renalase deficiency in patients with end-stage renal disease. On the contrary, studies reported markedly increased levels when renalase was measured by ELISA in dialysis patients and kidney allograft recipients.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15,22,23</span></a> The present study, for the first time, evaluated the possible association of serum renalase levels with cardiovascular risk factors in PD patients, but could not demonstrate a significant correlation between renalase and LVH, EAT thickness or hypertension. Some points may explain why the relation between renalase and cardiovascular risk reported in experimental and genetic studies were not observed in the PD patients in the current study. First, it might have been due to the method used, i.e. ELISA. It has been speculated that ELISA may recognize epitopes undetected with original polyclonal antibody or accumulated renalase breakdown products or may cross- react with an unrelated epitope, meaning that the measured level could be very high but unrelated to activity.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> However, the manufacturers of the assay claim that only renalase 1 levels are measured, and also there are no data on possible cross-reactivity. Second, as reported by Xu et al., there can be renalase inhibitors in plasma and therefore, activation of renalase can be very low and unremarkable although the enzyme levels are high.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> Finally, renalase is secreted not only by the kidney, but also by cardiomyocytes, liver and adipose tissue, thus, in the case of ESRD, other organs and tissues may oversecrete renalase, thus leading to very high serum levels.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the present study, renalase was found to be closely correlated with CRP. There have been few studies showing a relation between renalase and inflammation. Qi et al. reported that serum renalase levels were correlated with disease activity in lupus nephritis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> They found that renalase had a positive correlation with erythrocyte sedimentation rate but a negative correlation with albumin. Among heart transplant recipients, renalase was correlated weakly with time after transplantation and TRAIL (TNF-Related Apoptosis Inducing Ligand); and strongly with kidney function, IL-6 and Von Willebrand factor.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report describing a relation between renalase and CRP in PD patients.</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The present study, for the first time, demonstrated a close association between EAT thickness and LVMI in the PD patients. Interestingly, similar relation was also true in the control group. Consistent with the present study, Iacobellis et al. reported a strong relation between echocardiographic EAT and LVM in healthy subjects.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> To explain this association, they proposed that increased visceral fat could have directly affected left ventricular output and stroke volume to perfuse the increased body mass. An interesting point about the findings of the present study was that although a significant correlation was found between EAT thickness and LVMI in the controls, this correlation was even stronger in the PD patients. Despite the presence of other factors including anemia, inflammation, hypervolemia, hypertension and activation of the renin-angiotension system as causes of LVH in the PD patients, which are not seen in the healthy individuals, this stronger correlation may suggest EAT thickness as an important factor in development of LVH in PD.</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There are some limitations of the present study. First, this is a single-center study with a relatively small patient population. Second, the causal and effect relationship cannot be suggested due to its cross-sectional design. Therefore, a multi-center, prospective trial is needed to confirm the conclusions. Third, serum renalase levels were measured, but serum renalase activity was not, which could have eliminated the concerns on clinical usage of renalase levels. However, interpretation of data on renalase activity is rather difficult due to the growing criticism on potential monoamine oxidase activity of renalase.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28,29</span></a></p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion, this study indicates that renalase is not related with EAT thickness or LVH, but closely associated with inflammation in PD patients. Better standardization of methods for measurement of renalase or its activity in serum may clarify the role of renalase in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disorders in patients with ESRD.</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Funding</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No funding.</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Authorship</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Each author has contributed substantially to the research, preparation and production of the paper and approves of its submission to the journal.</p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:13 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres842788" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Background" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec837997" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres842787" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Introducción" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Métodos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec837996" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Material and methods" "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Study population" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Data collection and laboratory measurements" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Measurement of LVH" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Measurement of EAT thickness" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Statistical analysis" ] ] ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Results" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Funding" ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0055" "titulo" => "Authorship" ] 10 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0060" "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest" ] 11 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xack283125" "titulo" => "Acknowledgments" ] 12 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2016-01-01" "fechaAceptado" => "2016-11-23" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec837997" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "C-reactive protein" 1 => "Epicardial adipose tissue thickness" 2 => "Left ventricular hypertrophy" 3 => "Peritoneal dialysis" 4 => "Renalase" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec837996" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Proteína C reactiva" 1 => "Espesor del tejido adiposo epicárdico" 2 => "Hipertrofia ventricular izquierda" 3 => "Diálisis peritoneal" 4 => "Renalasa" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Background</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Renalase, with possible monoamine oxidase activity, is implicated in degradation of catecholamines; which suggests novel mechanisms of cardiovascular complications in patients with chronic kidney diseases. Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) has been found to correlate with cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in dialysis patients. The present study aimed to evaluate the association of serum renalase levels with EAT thickness and other CVD risk factors in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients.</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The study included 40 PD patients and 40 healthy controls. All subjects underwent blood pressure and anthropometric measurements. Serum renalase was assessed by using a commercially available assay. Transthoracic echocardiography was used to measure EAT thickness and left ventricular mass index (LVMI) in all subjects.</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The median serum renalase level was significantly higher in the PD patients than in the control group [176.5 (100–278.3) vs 122 (53.3–170.0)<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng/ml] (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.001). Renalase was positively correlated with C-reactive protein (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.705, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.001) and negatively correlated with RRF (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>−0.511, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.021). No correlation was observed between renalase and EAT thickness or LVMI. There was a strong correlation between EAT thickness and LVMI in both the PD patients and the controls (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.848, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.001 and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.640, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.001 respectively).</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">This study indicates that renalase is associated with CRP and residual renal function but not with EAT thickness as CVD risk factors in PD patients.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Background" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] "es" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Introducción</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La renalasa, posiblemente con actividad monoaminooxidasa, está implicada en la degradación de catecolaminas, lo que indica nuevos mecanismos de complicaciones cardiovasculares en pacientes con enfermedades renales crónicas. Se ha encontrado que el tejido adiposo epicárdico (TAE) se correlaciona con las enfermedades cardiovasculares (ECV) en pacientes de diálisis. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar la asociación de los niveles de renalasa sérica con el espesor del EAT y otros factores de riesgo de ECV en pacientes de diálisis peritoneal (DP).</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Métodos</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El estudio incluyó a 40 pacientes de DP y a 40 controles sanos. Se tomaron la presión arterial y las medidas antropométricas de todos los individuos. Se evaluó la renalasa sérica mediante un ensayo disponible comercialmente. Se utilizó la ecocardiografía transtorácica para medir el espesor del TAE y el índice de masa ventricular izquierda (IMVI) en todos los individuos.</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La mediana del nivel de renalasa sérica fue significativamente mayor en los pacientes de DP que en el grupo control (176,5 [100-278,3] frente a 122 [5,3-170,0] ng/ml) (p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0,001). La renalasa se correlacionó positivamente con la proteína C reactiva (r<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0,705; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0,001) y negativamente con la FRR (r<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>-0,511, p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0,021). No se observó correlación entre la renalasa y el espesor del TAE ni el IMVI. Hubo una fuerte correlación entre el espesor del TAE y el IMVI tanto en los pacientes de DP como en los controles (r<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0,848; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0,001 y r<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0,640; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0,001, respectivamente).</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Este estudio indica que la renalasa está asociada con la proteína C reactiva y la función renal residual, pero no con el espesor del TAE, como factores de riesgo de ECV en pacientes de DP.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Introducción" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Métodos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] ] "multimedia" => array:3 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1080 "Ancho" => 1517 "Tamanyo" => 55318 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Comparison of serum renalase levels between patients and healthy subjects. Median serum renalase level was significantly higher in PD patients than in control group [176.5 (100–278.3) vs 122 (53.3–170.0)<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng/ml] (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.001).</p>" ] ] 1 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at1" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Categorical data are presented as frequencies and percentages; continuous variables are presented as mean<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>standard deviations or median and interquartile ranges (IQR: the range of values lying between 25th and 75th centiles) depending on their distributions.</p><p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Abbreviations</span>: BMI, body mass index; Cr, creatinine; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; DM, diabetes mellitus; EATT, epicardial adipose tissue thickness; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; LVMI, left ventricular mass index; PD, peritoneal dialysis; PTH, parathyroid hormone; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride.</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Parameter \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">PD patients (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>40) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Control group (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>40) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Age (years)</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">45.3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>13.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">44.7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.841 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Gender (male, n, %)</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">22 (55%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">22 (55%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.000 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">BMI (kg/m</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">2</span></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">)</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">26.0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">24.0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.026 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Presence of DM (n, %)</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3 (7.5%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Use of anti-hypertensive agents (n, %)</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">21 (52.5%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Atherosclerotic cardiac disease (n,%)</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">10 (25%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Stroke (n,%)</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3 (7.5%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Smoking (n,%)</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2 (5%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Time on PD (month)</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">80.4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>56.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="4" align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cause of CKD (%)</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>DM \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">7.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Glomerulonephritis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">22.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Hypertension \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">30 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Polycystic kidney disease \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Chronic pyelonephritis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Unknown \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">35 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SBP (mmHg)</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">125 (100–135) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">110 (100–120) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.003 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">DBP (mmHg)</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">78 (70–85) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">70 (60–70) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Kt/V</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2.12 (1.98–2.40) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Residual renal function (ml/min/1.73</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">m</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">2</span></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">)</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.12 (0– 1.41) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Hemoglobin (g/dl)</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">11 (10–12) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">14 (13–15.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Glucose (mg/dl)</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">84 (78–90) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">88 (78–90) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.576 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Albumin (g/dl)</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3.9 (3.5–4.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4.6 (4.2–4.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cr (mg/dl)</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">8.3 (6.8–10) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.8 (0.7–0.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ferritin (ng/ml)</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">220 (110–338) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">69 (45–120) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">PTH (pg/ml)</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">414 (205–660) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">43 (37–54) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">TC (mg/dl)</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">185 (143–218) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">187 (167–198) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.950 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">TG (mg/dl)</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">142 (96–201) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">147 (135–180) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.675 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">HDL-C (mg/dl)</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">43.8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>16.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">50.2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>11.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.040 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">LDL-C (mg/dl)</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">92.0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>33.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">101.0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>17.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.130 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CRP (mg/l)</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">5.7 (3–7.85) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3 (2.1–3.59) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">EATT(mm)</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.51 (0.42–0.60) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.24 (0.20–0.26) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">LVMI (g/m</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">2</span></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">)</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">155 (116–212) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">95 (89–111) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1423357.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Demographic and clinical parameters in PD patients and control group.</p>" ] ] 2 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at2" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Abbreviations</span>: CRP, C-reactive protein; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; EATT, epicardial adipose tissue thickness; LVMI, left ventricular mass index; PD, peritoneal dialysis; SBP, systolic blood pressure.</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Variables \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> value \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Age \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.297 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.063 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Residual renal function \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.511 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.021 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Kt/V \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.189 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.243 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">SBP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.017 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.916 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">DBP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.051 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.755 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Albumin \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.059 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.716 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">TC \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.005 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.978 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">TG \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.109 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.503 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">HDL-C \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.068 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.675 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">LDL-C \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.011 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.948 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">CRP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.705 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">LVMI \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.145 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.373 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">EATT \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.81 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.618 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1423356.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Correlation analysis of renalase with cardiovascular risk factors in PD patients.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:29 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0150" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Clinical epidemiology of cardiovascular disease in chronic renal disease" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "R.N. 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| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 November | 6 | 5 | 11 |
| 2024 October | 37 | 41 | 78 |
| 2024 September | 42 | 21 | 63 |
| 2024 August | 51 | 62 | 113 |
| 2024 July | 45 | 24 | 69 |
| 2024 June | 49 | 28 | 77 |
| 2024 May | 40 | 28 | 68 |
| 2024 April | 48 | 37 | 85 |
| 2024 March | 54 | 23 | 77 |
| 2024 February | 27 | 34 | 61 |
| 2024 January | 32 | 20 | 52 |
| 2023 December | 22 | 22 | 44 |
| 2023 November | 31 | 28 | 59 |
| 2023 October | 34 | 27 | 61 |
| 2023 September | 18 | 24 | 42 |
| 2023 August | 31 | 29 | 60 |
| 2023 July | 27 | 18 | 45 |
| 2023 June | 31 | 26 | 57 |
| 2023 May | 39 | 174 | 213 |
| 2023 April | 38 | 19 | 57 |
| 2023 March | 37 | 21 | 58 |
| 2023 February | 36 | 18 | 54 |
| 2023 January | 25 | 20 | 45 |
| 2022 December | 49 | 33 | 82 |
| 2022 November | 47 | 22 | 69 |
| 2022 October | 54 | 43 | 97 |
| 2022 September | 36 | 24 | 60 |
| 2022 August | 47 | 46 | 93 |
| 2022 July | 35 | 45 | 80 |
| 2022 June | 37 | 38 | 75 |
| 2022 May | 34 | 17 | 51 |
| 2022 April | 28 | 57 | 85 |
| 2022 March | 52 | 43 | 95 |
| 2022 February | 60 | 39 | 99 |
| 2022 January | 41 | 34 | 75 |
| 2021 December | 41 | 38 | 79 |
| 2021 November | 34 | 36 | 70 |
| 2021 October | 40 | 32 | 72 |
| 2021 September | 33 | 31 | 64 |
| 2021 August | 29 | 50 | 79 |
| 2021 July | 38 | 26 | 64 |
| 2021 June | 17 | 29 | 46 |
| 2021 May | 31 | 46 | 77 |
| 2021 April | 72 | 53 | 125 |
| 2021 March | 41 | 43 | 84 |
| 2021 February | 41 | 34 | 75 |
| 2021 January | 35 | 12 | 47 |
| 2020 December | 26 | 23 | 49 |
| 2020 November | 39 | 13 | 52 |
| 2020 October | 32 | 18 | 50 |
| 2020 September | 34 | 12 | 46 |
| 2020 August | 36 | 12 | 48 |
| 2020 July | 39 | 17 | 56 |
| 2020 June | 47 | 22 | 69 |
| 2020 May | 29 | 9 | 38 |
| 2020 April | 32 | 25 | 57 |
| 2020 March | 37 | 12 | 49 |
| 2020 February | 36 | 22 | 58 |
| 2020 January | 47 | 24 | 71 |
| 2019 December | 38 | 18 | 56 |
| 2019 November | 46 | 24 | 70 |
| 2019 October | 23 | 13 | 36 |
| 2019 September | 23 | 15 | 38 |
| 2019 August | 14 | 13 | 27 |
| 2019 July | 30 | 34 | 64 |
| 2019 June | 22 | 15 | 37 |
| 2019 May | 36 | 22 | 58 |
| 2019 April | 50 | 32 | 82 |
| 2019 March | 31 | 24 | 55 |
| 2019 February | 26 | 27 | 53 |
| 2019 January | 30 | 20 | 50 |
| 2018 December | 144 | 37 | 181 |
| 2018 November | 293 | 20 | 313 |
| 2018 October | 207 | 27 | 234 |
| 2018 September | 106 | 20 | 126 |
| 2018 August | 50 | 14 | 64 |
| 2018 July | 49 | 13 | 62 |
| 2018 June | 55 | 16 | 71 |
| 2018 May | 87 | 13 | 100 |
| 2018 April | 134 | 11 | 145 |
| 2018 March | 126 | 10 | 136 |
| 2018 February | 122 | 10 | 132 |
| 2018 January | 136 | 11 | 147 |
| 2017 December | 129 | 4 | 133 |
| 2017 November | 92 | 19 | 111 |
| 2017 October | 35 | 6 | 41 |
| 2017 September | 52 | 8 | 60 |
| 2017 August | 83 | 8 | 91 |
| 2017 July | 72 | 5 | 77 |
| 2017 June | 37 | 11 | 48 |
| 2017 May | 22 | 7 | 29 |
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