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some other normoalbuminuric diabetics have well-determined nephropathic lesion&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;7</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cystatin C which is used for measurement of GFR&#44; is produced in all nucleated cells and filtered freely from the glomerulus&#46; It is reabsorbed totally and catabolised in the proximal tubules&#46; Cystatin C is a suitable marker for GFR measurement owing to not being affected by age&#44; weight&#44; gender and protein intake&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#8211;10</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Transforming growth factor-beta &#40;TGF-&#946;1&#41; is one of the growth factors which are implicated in DN pathogenesis&#46; TGF-&#946;1 causes mesangial extension by promoting renal cellular hypertrophy and by inducing the extracellular matrix expansion&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> Urinary TGF-&#946;1 levels are increased as proportional to the severity of the nephropathy&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We aimed to determine the value of serum Cystatin C and TGF-&#946;1 in early detection of diabetic nephropathy in normoalbuminuric patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Material and methods</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Patients</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This was a cross-sectional study which was conducted at the Department of Endocrinology in Baskent University School of Medicine&#44; Istanbul&#44; Turkey&#44; during 2009&#8211;2011&#44; who agreed to participate in the study&#46; Baskent University Ethical Committee approved the study protocol &#40;Approval no&#58; KA09&#47;308&#41;&#46; Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus without known overt diabetic nephropathy were included in the study&#46; Recruited patients were stratified into four groups&#44; matched in terms of age&#44; gender&#44; microalbuminuria level and estimated GFR calculated with MDRD&#46; We tried to exclude apparent causes of nondiabetic renal disease based on data obtained with urinary system ultrasonography&#44; urine microscopy and urine culture&#46; Patients who have history of nondiabetic renal disease&#44; uncontrolled hypertension&#44; liver disease&#44; NYHA stage 3&#8211;4 heart failure&#44; thyroid disease&#44; malignity and steroid usage were excluded from the study&#46; All participants were included in the study after signing informed consent forms&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Laboratory evaluation</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Following thorough medical history and detailed physical examination&#44; blood samples were taken from all participants for measurement of fasting blood glucose&#44; HbA1c&#44; blood urea&#44; creatinine and electrolytes&#44; lipid profile&#44; serum albumin&#44; high sensitive C reactive protein &#40;hsCRP&#41;&#46; Freshly voided early morning urine samples were also collected for urinalysis&#46; Patients also provided 24-h collected urine specimens for measurement of microalbumin&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Serum glucose&#44; creatinine&#44; total cholesterol&#44; HDL and LDL cholesterol&#44; triglyceride were studied by enzymatic colorimetric&#59; serum albumin&#59; bromocresol green &#40;BCG&#41;&#44; ure&#59; &#40;BUN&#41; urease&#44; HbA1c&#59; immune-examination &#40;C4000&#44; Abbott&#44; USA&#41;&#44; and hsCRP was studied with immunoturbidimetric methods &#40;C8000&#44; Abbott&#44; USA&#41;&#46; Microalbumin level in 24-h urine was determined with immunoturbidimetric method &#40;C4000 system&#44; Abbott&#44; USA&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Estimated GFR was calculated with 6 variable MDRD equation using age&#44; race&#44; gender&#44; serum creatinine&#44; blood urea nitrogen and albumin values&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The serums of patients were stored in &#8722;20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C until laboratory analysis&#46; Serum cystathionine C&#44; serum TGF-&#946;1 and urine TGF-&#946;1 levels were determined with enzyme linked immunosorbent assay &#40;ELISA&#41; method&#46; BioVendor &#40;Czech Republic&#41; ELISA kit and eBioscience &#40;North America&#41; ELISA were used for Cystatin C and TGF-&#946;1 measurements&#44; respectively&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Statistical analysis</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For statistical evaluation&#44; 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Four groups were described&#59; patients with GFR value &#60;60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#47;min&#47;1&#46;73<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> and MA &#60;30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;day as group 1&#59; patients with GFR value &#60;60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#47;min&#47;1&#46;73<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> and MA between 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg and 300<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;day as group 2&#59; patients with GFR value &#62;120<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#47;min&#47;1&#46;73<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> and MA &#60;30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;day as group 3&#44; and patients with GFR value between 90 and 120<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#47;min&#47;1&#46;73<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> and MA &#60;30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;day as group 4&#46; There were 10 men and 10 women in group 1 and 4 whereas 10 men and 11 women in group 2 and 15 men and 2 women in group 3&#46; The laboratory parameters of the groups are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#46; Significant difference was present among groups with regards to mean age&#44; fasting blood glucose&#44; HbA1c and serum creatinine level&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No significant difference was found among groups in terms of the presence of HT which has a major role in DN pathogenesis&#46; The evaluation of the groups in terms of micro and macrovascular complications of diabetes is depicted in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#46; Highest rate of coronary artery disease &#40;CAD&#41; was seen Groups 1 and 2&#46; No significance difference was evident among the groups regarding prevalence of retinopathy&#44; diabetic foot and neuropathy &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Results of GFR&#44; cystatin C&#44; serum and urine TGF-&#946;1&#44; MA measurements are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#46; Significant difference was present among the groups in terms of cystatin C&#44; serum and urine TGF-&#946;1 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41;&#46; Post Hoc Tukey HSD test which was performed to determine the intragroup significance&#44; showed that cystatin C level of groups 1 and 2 was significantly higher compared with those of groups 3 and 4 &#40;for Group 1&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#59; for Group 2&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;002&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;01&#41;&#46; For the serum and urine TGF-&#946;1&#44; we found that the levels in group 2 were significantly higher than group 4 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;012&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;012&#41;&#46; No significant association was determined between TGF-&#946;1 and any of the studied variables&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cystatin C showed a significant and positive correlation with age&#44; duration of diabetes&#44; and serum uric acid in group 2 &#40;for age&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;477&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;029&#59; for duration of diabetes&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;437&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;048&#59; for serum uric acid&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;465&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;039&#41;&#46; As expected&#44; serum cystatin C level was negatively associated with estimated GFR level &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8722;0&#46;892&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41; only in group 2 &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; In group 3&#44; only a negative significant correlation was present between LDL and cystatin C &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8722;0&#46;72&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;002&#41;&#46; In group 4&#44; cystatin C had a positive correlation with duration of diabetes &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;453&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;045&#41; and a negative correlation with MA &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8722;0&#46;520&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;019&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">When all the patients which are taken to the study are evaluated&#44; statistically significant relation in negative direction and in &#37; 72&#46;6 level is detected &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8722;0&#46;726&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#46; Significant negative correlation is detected between GFR and creatinine &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8722;0&#46;806&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#46; Positive significant correlation is detected between age&#44; hypertension and CAD and cystatin C levels &#40;for age <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;534&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#59; for hypertension <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;347&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;002&#59; for CAD <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;382&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#44; respectively&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">When 60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#47;min&#47;1&#46;73<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> is selected for GFR as the cut-off value&#44; it is observed that the cystatin C levels are significantly different between the patients who have eGFR values over and below this cut-off point &#40;GFR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#47;min&#58; 1548&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>613&#46;8&#59; GFR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#47;min mean&#58; 816&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>310&#46;8&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#46; ROC analysis for cystatin C&#44; in the cases where cystatin C is C<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1064<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;L&#44; catch-up sensitivity of GFR in &#60;60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#47;m was calculated as 80&#37;&#44; specificity as 86&#46;21&#37;&#59; positive conjecture value as 66&#46;67&#37; and negative conjecture value is calculated as 92&#46;59&#37; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#46; The area under the curve in ROC analysis was found as 85&#46;4&#37; and standard error was calculated as 6&#37;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Discussion</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The albumin excretion rate &#40;AER&#41; which is used in staging of DN and GFR&#44; is not sufficient for explaining the disease progress&#46; While albumin excretion through urine is normal&#44; GFR can decrease without any increase in AER&#46; By considering that DN may have normoalbuminuric stage&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> this situation is reported in type 1 diabetic patients who show typical specifications in favor of DN in renal biopsy&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> In our study&#44; when detecting the early stage diabetic nephropathy&#44; cystatin C levels are detected as higher in the groups which have normoalbuminuric eGFR &#60;60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#47;m&#47;1&#46;73<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> and as independent from eGFR serum and urine TGF-&#946;1 level is detected as higher in microalbuminuria group&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In AER and GFR relation age is an important factor&#46; GFR is type 2 diabetics over 70 years old&#44; is approximately 60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#47;m&#47;1&#46;73<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#46; In our study&#44; eGFR was the lowest and the age was the oldest in normoalbuminuric group &#40;average 62<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5 years&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Today&#44; GFR is accepted as the best index reflecting kidney function&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> GFR can be directly measured with the infusion of the exogenous markers such as inulin or <span class="elsevierStyleSup">51</span>Cr-EDTA&#46; However these methods are not practical and not used in daily practice&#46; Therefore&#44; for the sake of practicality&#44; American Diabetes Association &#40;ADA&#41; and National Kidney Foundation suggest the formula of Cockcroft-Gault &#40;CG&#41; and Modification of Diet in Renal Disease four-variable &#40;MDRD&#41; equations to estimate GFR&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14&#44;15</span></a> Particularly MDRD equation is accepted as superior than CG owing to not depend on body weight measurement&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a></p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Serum creatinine concentration is an imperfect measure of GFR&#46; In our study&#44; the creatinine level in the patient groups whose GFR was &#60;60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#47;m&#47;1&#46;73<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#44; has not increased yet and the patients were normoalbuminuric&#46; Since serum creatinine level is affected by muscle mass and diet&#44; it is not an ideal marker for GFR calculation&#46; Novel methods are needed for early and accurate detection of DN&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cystatin C is an endogenic marker used for GFR determination because its serum level is dependent to almost whole of eGFR particularly it is seen more valuable in normal and mild decreased eGFR&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a></p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Laterza et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> have attributed cystatin C to be an important reagent in early stage kidney damage to its stabile production&#44; muscle mass&#44; not being dependent to age and gender or not showing reverse tendency to kidney secretion or blood circulation&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In our study&#44; the difference in cystatin C levels showed that even in normoalbuminuria stage&#44; the diabetic renal disease can be identified&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In early diabetic kidney disease&#44; there are contradictory results related to the role of cystatin C&#46; As pursuant to our study&#44; two studies show that cystatin C is not more sensitive than creatinine&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16&#44;17</span></a> Contrary to our results&#44; in the study where cystatin C based equations and creatinine based equations like Schwartz&#44; MDRD and CG formulas are compared and in a meta-analysis where 46 studies included&#44; cystatin C is considered superior than creatinine in determination of decreased GFR&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18&#44;19</span></a> Although a negative weak relation is detected in cystatin C and eGFR in our study&#44; it was not statistically significant&#46; We think that this situation might be due to the limited number of cases in the patient group&#46; In the study where Mussap and colleagues have examined 52 type 2 diabetic patients&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> eGFR has decreased from 120<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#47;m&#47;1&#46;73<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> to 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#47;m&#47;1&#46;73<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> and cystatin C has increased more than the serum creatinine has&#46; The association between Cystatin C and eGFR was detected stronger than the serum creatinine&#46;</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the study of Surendar et al&#46; in Indians who have glucose intolerance&#44; it was determined that cystatin C levels have increased as comparative with glucose intolerance and the highest cystatin C levels were found in the group which had microalbuminuria and retinopathy&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> In our study&#44; no difference was detected in terms of retinopathy among the groups and cystatin C levels were found highest in the normoalbuminuric group&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the previous study&#44; ROC analysis made for identifying the diagnostic profile of serum cystatin C in predicting eGFR &#60;60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#47;dk&#47;1&#46;73<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> in the type 2 diabetic patients and as similar to our study&#44; cut-off value is detected as 1&#46;06<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dl&#44; the sensitivity of serum cystatin C level is 81&#37; and the specificity is detected as&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> As pursuant to our study&#44; serum cystatin C level of the normoalbuminuric is detected as significantly higher than the patients with GFR of &#8804;60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#47;dk&#47;1&#46;73<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#46; This makes us think that cystatin C levels of serum and urine are related with the subclinical failure and may be the kidney uptake reagents which are measurable in the period earlier than the onset of albuminuria&#46; In the study of Yang and friends&#44; serum cystatin C level showed correlation with MA level&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a></p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">When we consider the relation between serum cystatin C and serum creatinine levels and MDRD in whole study population we determined that the predictive ability of serum creatinine for GFR was higher&#46; This result&#44; which is discordant with the majority of the literature&#44; can be connected to the insufficiency of the cases in patient groups&#44; selecting the case from the patients who have early period DN and formation of 25&#37; of the total patient population by microalbuminuric patient group&#46;</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the microalbuminuric patient group and in the patient group with GFR &#60;60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#47;m&#47;1&#46;73<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> or &#62;60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#47;m&#47;1&#46;73<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#44; negative and significant association was found&#46; This patient group was the sole patient group with MA&#46; This group was made up from older patients than normoalbuminuric and two other patient groups with GFR &#62;90<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#47;m&#47;1&#46;73<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#46; It is known that the serum cystatin C level increases with advancing age&#46; The presence of significant difference among the patient groups in terms of age&#44; can be seen as another factor which limits our study&#46;</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In both studies&#44; high serum cystatin C level is associated with the previous coronary heart disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24&#44;25</span></a> As similar to these studies&#44; we have found positive significant correlation between CAD and serum cystatin C in the whole patient cohort&#46;</p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">One of the cytokines which is responsible for DN initiation and progression is TGF-&#946;&#46; It is proven that TGF-&#946; intervenes to all pathological changes which depend on the diabetic kidney disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> TGF-&#946; causes kidney cell hypertrophy and excessive extracellular matrix production in interstitial fibroblasts&#44; glomerular and tubular cells&#46;</p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In experimental DM&#44; glomerular and tubule-interstitial compartments&#44; expresses TGF-&#946; or TGF-&#946; type II receptor&#46; Although the kidney of the non-diabetic subject removes TGF-&#946;1 from the blood&#44; kidney of a diabetic patient releases TGF-&#946;1 protein into the circulation&#46; TGF-&#946;1 level which has increased in urine is associated with adverse clinical outcomes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> In 3 patient groups which do not have MA in our study&#44; we have found the serum and urine TGF-&#946;1 levels were significantly higher in the groups with MA&#46;</p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Increased kidney TGF-&#946;1 production in the diabetic patients was examined and renal vein TGF-&#946;1 concentration was found positive in diabetic patients and negative in non-diabetic patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> Urine TGF-&#946;1 level in the diabetic patients increased fourfold than the non-diabetic patients and as contrary to our study&#44; increased urine TGF-&#946;1 excretion was present in all diabetic patients irrespective of MA status&#46;</p><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There are some limitations of our study that need to be mentioned&#46; The most important limitation of our study is the estimation of GFR measurements&#46; All estimates of GFR based on serum creatinine will be affected from physiologic and&#47;or pathologic limitations<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0300"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> and be far from ideal GFR&#46; On the other hand&#44; recent studies showed the CKD-EPI creatinine equation has similar GFR prediction in different patient population compared with the MDRD Study equation&#44; even in the earlier CKD stages&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0305"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29&#44;30</span></a> In addition&#44; the CKD-EPI creatinine-cystatin C equation is more suitable compared with standard reference for cystatin C and creatinine based equations&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0315"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a> However&#44; the cost effectiveness of the CKD-EPI creatinine-cystatin C equation for clinical use should be considered&#46; The second important limitation is the sample size of the study groups&#46; But we wanted to be sure about patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus without known overt diabetic nephropathy&#46; Larger new clinical trials are recommended to determine the role of serum cystatin C&#44; serum and urine TGF-&#946;1 level as an early biomarker of diabetic nephropathy&#46; The third&#44; diabetic foot ulcer with or without concomitant peripheral arterial disease is considered as two separate disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0320"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a> In our study&#44; we did not exam the patients whether they have peripheral vascular disease&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Conclusion</span><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although urinary albumin excretion is suggested for detection of type 2 diabetic nephropathy&#44; there is group of patients with decreased eGFR but without increased urinary albumin excretion&#44; in which serum cystatin C level was indicated to be used as an early biomarker of diabetic nephropathy&#46; In addition&#44; despite that serum and urine TGF-&#946;1 levels were also significantly higher in patients with MA&#44; only increased urine TGF-&#946;1 excretion was present in all diabetic patients irrespective of MA status&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare no conflict of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "titulo" => "Material and methods"
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            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0015"
              "titulo" => "Patients"
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            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0020"
              "titulo" => "Laboratory evaluation"
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            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0025"
              "titulo" => "Statistical analysis"
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        ]
        6 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0030"
          "titulo" => "Results"
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          "titulo" => "Discussion"
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          "identificador" => "sec0040"
          "titulo" => "Conclusion"
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          "identificador" => "sec0045"
          "titulo" => "Conflict of interest"
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          "titulo" => "References"
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    ]
    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
    "tienePdf" => true
    "fechaRecibido" => "2015-09-10"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2016-06-25"
    "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec802000"
          "palabras" => array:5 [
            0 => "Diabetic nephropathy"
            1 => "Cystatin C"
            2 => "TGF-&#946;1"
            3 => "Microalbuminuria"
            4 => "Normoalbuminuria"
          ]
        ]
      ]
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        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
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          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec801999"
          "palabras" => array:5 [
            0 => "Nefropat&#237;a diab&#233;tica"
            1 => "Cistatina C"
            2 => "TGF-&#946;1"
            3 => "Microalbuminuria"
            4 => "Normoalbuminuria"
          ]
        ]
      ]
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    "tieneResumen" => true
    "resumen" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objective</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To evaluate renal impairment in type 2 diabetic patients with normoalbuminuria or microalbuminuria by detection of serum cystatin C and serum and urinary TGF-&#946; levels&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Cross-sectional study conducted at the Department of Endocrinology in Baskent University School of Medicine&#46; Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus without known overt diabetic nephropathy were included in the study&#46; Recruited patients were stratified into four groups&#44; matched in terms of age&#44; gender&#44; microalbuminuria level and estimated GFR calculated with MDRD&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">78 patients were enrolled&#46; They were categorized into four groups depending on their urinary albumin excretion and estimated glomerular filtration rate&#46;</p><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Macrovascular complication was found to be higher in patients with microalbuminuria than in other patients &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;01&#41;&#44; but there were no differences in terms of other diabetic complications&#46; Serum cystatin C level was significantly higher in normoalbuminuric group one patients&#44; while serum and urinary TGF-&#946;1 levels were higher in microalbuminuric group two patients&#46; The serum level of cystatin C was found to negatively correlate with eGFR in group two patients &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8722;0&#46;892&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#46; Finally&#44; there was a negative correlation between eGFR and cystatin C in all the patient groups &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8722;0&#46;726&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Although urinary albumin excretion is recommended for the detection of type two diabetic nephropathy&#44; there is a group of patients with decreased eGFR but without increased urinary albumin excretion&#44; in which serum cystatin C level was indicated to be used as an early biomarker of diabetic nephropathy&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
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            "identificador" => "abst0005"
            "titulo" => "Objective"
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            "titulo" => "Methods"
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            "identificador" => "abst0015"
            "titulo" => "Results"
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            "titulo" => "Conclusions"
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      "es" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Evaluar la insuficiencia renal en pacientes con diabetes tipo 2 con normoalbuminuria o microalbuminuria mediante la detecci&#243;n de la concentraci&#243;n de cistatina C en suero y de TGF-&#946; en suero y orina&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">M&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudio transversal realizado en el Departamento de Endocrinolog&#237;a de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de Baskent&#46; En el estudio&#44; se incluy&#243; a pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 sin nefropat&#237;a diab&#233;tica manifiesta conocida&#46; Los pacientes seleccionados se estratificaron en 4 grupos&#44; agrupados en t&#233;rminos de edad&#44; sexo&#44; grado de microalbuminuria y filtraci&#243;n glomerular estimada &#40;FGe&#41; calculada mediante la f&#243;rmula MDRD&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se incluy&#243; a 78 pacientes&#46; Se clasificaron en 4 grupos dependiendo de la excreci&#243;n urinaria de alb&#250;mina y de la FGe&#46;</p><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se observ&#243; que la complicaci&#243;n macrovascular era mayor en los pacientes con microalbuminuria que en otros &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;01&#41;&#44; pero no hubo diferencias con relaci&#243;n a otras complicaciones diab&#233;ticas&#46; La concentraci&#243;n s&#233;rica de cistatina C fue significativamente mayor en los pacientes del grupo 1 con normoalbuminuria&#44; mientras que las concentraciones de TGF-&#946;1 en suero y orina fueron mayores en los pacientes del grupo 2 con microalbuminuria&#46; Se observ&#243; una correlaci&#243;n negativa entre la concentraci&#243;n s&#233;rica de cistatina C y la FGe en los pacientes del grupo 2 &#40;r<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8722;0&#44;892&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41;&#46; Por &#250;ltimo&#44; se observ&#243; una correlaci&#243;n negativa entre la FGe y la cistatina C en todos los grupos de pacientes &#40;r<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8722;0&#44;726&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Aunque se recomienda la excreci&#243;n urinaria de alb&#250;mina para la detecci&#243;n de la nefropat&#237;a diab&#233;tica tipo 2&#44; hay un grupo de pacientes con disminuci&#243;n de la FGe&#44; pero sin aumento de la excreci&#243;n urinaria de alb&#250;mina&#44; en los que estaba indicado usar la concentraci&#243;n de cistatina C en suero como un biomarcador temprano de nefropat&#237;a diab&#233;tica&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
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            "titulo" => "M&#233;todos"
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            "identificador" => "abst0035"
            "titulo" => "Resultados"
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            "titulo" => "Conclusiones"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Correlation of serum cystatin C with eGFR in all four study groups&#46;</p>"
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Correlation of serum cystatin C with microalbuminuria in all four study groups&#46;</p>"
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        "etiqueta" => "Fig&#46; 3"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">ROC curve which is obtained for cystatin C&#46;</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Group 1 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>20&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Group 2 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>21&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Group 3 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>17&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Group 4 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>20&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Age&#44; years&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">62&#46;9 &#40;5&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">59&#46;7 &#40;6&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">49&#46;0 &#40;8&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">53&#46;7 &#40;8&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0&#46;001</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Duration of Diabetes Mellitus&#44; months&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">116&#46;4 &#40;100&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">127&#46;4 &#40;96&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">96&#46;0 &#40;71&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">78&#46;0 &#40;45&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;243&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">BMI&#44; kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">29&#46;6 &#40;4&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">32&#46;0 &#40;5&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">32&#46;2 &#40;6&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">31&#46;6 &#40;5&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;430&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Glucose&#44; mg&#47;dL&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">118&#46;8 &#40;26&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">152&#46;1 &#40;62&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">143&#46;9 &#40;42&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">121&#46;1 &#40;32&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0&#46;043</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">HbA1c&#44; &#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6&#46;1 &#40;0&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6&#46;9 &#40;1&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&#46;3 &#40;1&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6&#46;7 &#40;1&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0&#46;028</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Creatinine&#44; mg&#47;dL&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;2 &#40;0&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;9 &#40;0&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;6 &#40;0&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;6 &#40;0&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0&#46;001</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Albumin&#44; g&#47;dL&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4&#46;2 &#40;0&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4&#46;2 &#40;0&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4&#46;3 &#40;0&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4&#46;3 &#40;0&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;559&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">HDL-Cholesterol&#44; mg&#47;dL&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">41&#46;2 &#40;10&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">38&#46;4 &#40;7&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">39&#46;8 &#40;10&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">40&#46;5 &#40;5&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;774&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">LDL-Cholesterol&#44; mg&#47;dL&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">102&#46;6 &#40;35&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">115&#46;3 &#40;34&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">129&#46;6 &#40;30&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">105&#46;9 &#40;29&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;079&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Triglyceride&#44; mg&#47;dL&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">148&#46;3 &#40;91&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">174&#46;8 &#40;79&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">175&#46;9 &#40;50&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">184&#46;6 &#40;68&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;074&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Sedimentation rate&#44; mm&#47;hour&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">22&#46;3 &#40;14&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">15&#46;1 &#40;10&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">13&#46;4 &#40;5&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">14&#46;2 &#40;8&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;412&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">hsCRP&#44; mg&#47;dL&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&#46;1 &#40;4&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6&#46;0 &#40;7&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&#46;5 &#40;5&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&#46;6 &#40;5&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;969&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Group 3 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>17&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Group 4 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>20&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Coronary Artery Disease&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">9 &#40;45&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">10 &#40;47&#46;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1 &#40;5&#46;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#40;10&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0&#46;003</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7 &#40;33&#46;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2 &#40;11&#46;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4 &#40;20&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;454&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Diabetic Foot&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1 &#40;4&#46;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0 &#40;&#37;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0 &#40;&#37;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;432&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Neuropathy&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">9 &#40;42&#46;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2 &#40;11&#46;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5 &#40;25&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;096&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">78&#46;2 &#40;23&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0&#46;001</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;1 &#40;0&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;6 &#40;0&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;7 &#40;0&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0&#46;001</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">sTGF-&#946;1&#44; ng&#47;mL&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">16&#46;7 &#40;6&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">18&#46;9 &#40;3&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">16&#46;1 &#40;6&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">13&#46;2 &#40;6&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0&#46;022</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">633&#46;2 &#40;100&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">539&#46;3 &#40;204&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">442&#46;2 &#40;214&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0&#46;022</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">MA&#44; mg&#47;24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">18&#46;0 &#40;5&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">89&#46;8 &#40;37&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">22&#46;2 &#40;8&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">16&#46;3 &#40;5&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0&#46;001</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0090" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estimated GFR&#44; cystatin C&#44; serum and urine TGF-&#946;1&#44; and MA levels in study groups&#46;</p>"
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    "bibliografia" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "References"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "bibs0005"
          "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:32 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0165"
              "etiqueta" => "1"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Diabetic nephropathy&#58; prevention and treatment"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "H&#46;H&#46; Parving"
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                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1046/j.1523-1755.2001.00020.x"
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Kidney Int"
                        "fecha" => "2001"
                        "volumen" => "60"
                        "paginaInicial" => "2041"
                        "paginaFinal" => "2055"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11703631"
                            "web" => "Medline"
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                        ]
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                          "pii" => "S0959804908005546"
                          "estado" => "S300"
                          "issn" => "09598049"
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            1 => array:3 [
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Original article
Cystatin-C and TGF-β levels in patients with diabetic nephropathy
Concentración de cistatina C y TGF-β en pacientes con nefropatía diabética
Mumtaz Takira,
Corresponding author
mumtaztakir@yahoo.com

Corresponding author.
, Aslı Dogruk Unalb, Osman Kostekc, Nilufer Bayraktarb, Nilgun Guvener Demiragb
a Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Goztepe Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey
b Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Başkent University Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
c Department of Internal Medicine, Goztepe Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Diabetic nephropathy &#40;DN&#41; is the leading cause of chronic kidney disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a> Albumin excretion rate &#40;AER&#41; and glomerular filtration rate &#40;GFR&#41; are used to stage DN&#46; However&#44; these measurements are not sufficient in early diagnosis and monitoring the progression of DN&#46; Therefore early markers should be devised for these purposes&#46; Although microalbuminuria is accepted as a risk factor and marker for DN and progressive renal insufficiency&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> some patients&#44; especially type 2 diabetics&#44; may have normoalbuminuric chronic kidney disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This shows that both normoalbuminuric and albuminuric pathways are at work&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> While some patients with MA present with normal kidney structure&#44; some other normoalbuminuric diabetics have well-determined nephropathic lesion&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;7</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cystatin C which is used for measurement of GFR&#44; is produced in all nucleated cells and filtered freely from the glomerulus&#46; It is reabsorbed totally and catabolised in the proximal tubules&#46; Cystatin C is a suitable marker for GFR measurement owing to not being affected by age&#44; weight&#44; gender and protein intake&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#8211;10</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Transforming growth factor-beta &#40;TGF-&#946;1&#41; is one of the growth factors which are implicated in DN pathogenesis&#46; TGF-&#946;1 causes mesangial extension by promoting renal cellular hypertrophy and by inducing the extracellular matrix expansion&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> Urinary TGF-&#946;1 levels are increased as proportional to the severity of the nephropathy&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We aimed to determine the value of serum Cystatin C and TGF-&#946;1 in early detection of diabetic nephropathy in normoalbuminuric patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Material and methods</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Patients</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This was a cross-sectional study which was conducted at the Department of Endocrinology in Baskent University School of Medicine&#44; Istanbul&#44; Turkey&#44; during 2009&#8211;2011&#44; who agreed to participate in the study&#46; Baskent University Ethical Committee approved the study protocol &#40;Approval no&#58; KA09&#47;308&#41;&#46; Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus without known overt diabetic nephropathy were included in the study&#46; Recruited patients were stratified into four groups&#44; matched in terms of age&#44; gender&#44; microalbuminuria level and estimated GFR calculated with MDRD&#46; We tried to exclude apparent causes of nondiabetic renal disease based on data obtained with urinary system ultrasonography&#44; urine microscopy and urine culture&#46; Patients who have history of nondiabetic renal disease&#44; uncontrolled hypertension&#44; liver disease&#44; NYHA stage 3&#8211;4 heart failure&#44; thyroid disease&#44; malignity and steroid usage were excluded from the study&#46; All participants were included in the study after signing informed consent forms&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Laboratory evaluation</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Following thorough medical history and detailed physical examination&#44; blood samples were taken from all participants for measurement of fasting blood glucose&#44; HbA1c&#44; blood urea&#44; creatinine and electrolytes&#44; lipid profile&#44; serum albumin&#44; high sensitive C reactive protein &#40;hsCRP&#41;&#46; Freshly voided early morning urine samples were also collected for urinalysis&#46; Patients also provided 24-h collected urine specimens for measurement of microalbumin&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Serum glucose&#44; creatinine&#44; total cholesterol&#44; HDL and LDL cholesterol&#44; triglyceride were studied by enzymatic colorimetric&#59; serum albumin&#59; bromocresol green &#40;BCG&#41;&#44; ure&#59; &#40;BUN&#41; urease&#44; HbA1c&#59; immune-examination &#40;C4000&#44; Abbott&#44; USA&#41;&#44; and hsCRP was studied with immunoturbidimetric methods &#40;C8000&#44; Abbott&#44; USA&#41;&#46; Microalbumin level in 24-h urine was determined with immunoturbidimetric method &#40;C4000 system&#44; Abbott&#44; USA&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Estimated GFR was calculated with 6 variable MDRD equation using age&#44; race&#44; gender&#44; serum creatinine&#44; blood urea nitrogen and albumin values&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The serums of patients were stored in &#8722;20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C until laboratory analysis&#46; Serum cystathionine C&#44; serum TGF-&#946;1 and urine TGF-&#946;1 levels were determined with enzyme linked immunosorbent assay &#40;ELISA&#41; method&#46; BioVendor &#40;Czech Republic&#41; ELISA kit and eBioscience &#40;North America&#41; ELISA were used for Cystatin C and TGF-&#946;1 measurements&#44; respectively&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Statistical analysis</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For statistical evaluation&#44; NCSS &#40;Number Cruncher Statistical System&#41; 2007 and PASS &#40;Power Analysis and Sample Size&#41; 2008 Statistical Software &#40;Utah&#44; USA&#41; programs were used&#46; Oneway Anova test was used in intergroup comparison of the parameters showing normal distribution and Tukey HDS test was used in the determination of the group causing the difference&#46; Kruskal&#8211;Wallis test was used in intergroup comparison of the parameters not showing normal distribution and Mann&#8211;Whitney <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">U</span> test was used in the group causing the difference&#46; In comparison of the qualitative data&#44; Chi-square test was used&#46; The significance was accepted as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Results</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A total of 78 patients with type 2 DM were included in the study &#40;mean age 57<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8&#46; 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cystatin C&#44; serum and urine TGF-&#946;1&#44; MA measurements are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#46; Significant difference was present among the groups in terms of cystatin C&#44; serum and urine TGF-&#946;1 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41;&#46; Post Hoc Tukey HSD test which was performed to determine the intragroup significance&#44; showed that cystatin C level of groups 1 and 2 was significantly higher compared with those of groups 3 and 4 &#40;for Group 1&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#59; for Group 2&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;002&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;01&#41;&#46; For the serum and urine TGF-&#946;1&#44; we found that the levels in group 2 were significantly higher than group 4 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;012&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;012&#41;&#46; No significant association was determined between TGF-&#946;1 and any of the studied variables&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cystatin C showed a significant and positive correlation with age&#44; duration of diabetes&#44; and serum uric acid in group 2 &#40;for age&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;477&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;029&#59; for duration of diabetes&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;437&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;048&#59; for serum uric acid&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;465&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;039&#41;&#46; As expected&#44; serum cystatin C level was negatively associated with estimated GFR level &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8722;0&#46;892&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41; only in group 2 &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; In group 3&#44; only a negative significant correlation was present between LDL and cystatin C &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8722;0&#46;72&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;002&#41;&#46; In group 4&#44; cystatin C had a positive correlation with duration of diabetes &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;453&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;045&#41; and a negative correlation with MA &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8722;0&#46;520&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;019&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">When all the patients which are taken to the study are evaluated&#44; statistically significant relation in negative direction and in &#37; 72&#46;6 level is detected &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8722;0&#46;726&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#46; Significant negative correlation is detected between GFR and creatinine &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8722;0&#46;806&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#46; Positive significant correlation is detected between age&#44; hypertension and CAD and cystatin C levels &#40;for age <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;534&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#59; for hypertension <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;347&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;002&#59; for CAD <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;382&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#44; respectively&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">When 60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#47;min&#47;1&#46;73<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> is selected for GFR as the cut-off value&#44; it is observed that the cystatin C levels are significantly different between the patients who have eGFR values over and below this cut-off point &#40;GFR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#47;min&#58; 1548&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>613&#46;8&#59; GFR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#47;min mean&#58; 816&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>310&#46;8&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#46; ROC analysis for cystatin C&#44; in the cases where cystatin C is C<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1064<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;L&#44; catch-up sensitivity of GFR in &#60;60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#47;m was calculated as 80&#37;&#44; specificity as 86&#46;21&#37;&#59; positive conjecture value as 66&#46;67&#37; and negative conjecture value is calculated as 92&#46;59&#37; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#46; The area under the curve in ROC analysis was found as 85&#46;4&#37; and standard error was calculated as 6&#37;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Discussion</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The albumin excretion rate &#40;AER&#41; which is used in staging of DN and GFR&#44; is not sufficient for explaining the disease progress&#46; While albumin excretion through urine is normal&#44; GFR can decrease without any increase in AER&#46; By considering that DN may have normoalbuminuric stage&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> this situation is reported in type 1 diabetic patients who show typical specifications in favor of DN in renal biopsy&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> In our study&#44; when detecting the early stage diabetic nephropathy&#44; cystatin C levels are detected as higher in the groups which have normoalbuminuric eGFR &#60;60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#47;m&#47;1&#46;73<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> and as independent from eGFR serum and urine TGF-&#946;1 level is detected as higher in microalbuminuria group&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In AER and GFR relation age is an important factor&#46; GFR is type 2 diabetics over 70 years old&#44; is approximately 60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#47;m&#47;1&#46;73<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#46; In our study&#44; eGFR was the lowest and the age was the oldest in normoalbuminuric group &#40;average 62<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5 years&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Today&#44; GFR is accepted as the best index reflecting kidney function&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> GFR can be directly measured with the infusion of the exogenous markers such as inulin or <span class="elsevierStyleSup">51</span>Cr-EDTA&#46; However these methods are not practical and not used in daily practice&#46; Therefore&#44; for the sake of practicality&#44; American Diabetes Association &#40;ADA&#41; and National Kidney Foundation suggest the formula of Cockcroft-Gault &#40;CG&#41; and Modification of Diet in Renal Disease four-variable &#40;MDRD&#41; equations to estimate GFR&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14&#44;15</span></a> Particularly MDRD equation is accepted as superior than CG owing to not depend on body weight measurement&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a></p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Serum creatinine concentration is an imperfect measure of GFR&#46; In our study&#44; the creatinine level in the patient groups whose GFR was &#60;60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#47;m&#47;1&#46;73<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#44; has not increased yet and the patients were normoalbuminuric&#46; Since serum creatinine level is affected by muscle mass and diet&#44; it is not an ideal marker for GFR calculation&#46; Novel methods are needed for early and accurate detection of DN&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cystatin C is an endogenic marker used for GFR determination because its serum level is dependent to almost whole of eGFR particularly it is seen more valuable in normal and mild decreased eGFR&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a></p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Laterza et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> have attributed cystatin C to be an important reagent in early stage kidney damage to its stabile production&#44; muscle mass&#44; not being dependent to age and gender or not showing reverse tendency to kidney secretion or blood circulation&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In our study&#44; the difference in cystatin C levels showed that even in normoalbuminuria stage&#44; the diabetic renal disease can be identified&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In early diabetic kidney disease&#44; there are contradictory results related to the role of cystatin C&#46; As pursuant to our study&#44; two studies show that cystatin C is not more sensitive than creatinine&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16&#44;17</span></a> Contrary to our results&#44; in the study where cystatin C based equations and creatinine based equations like Schwartz&#44; MDRD and CG formulas are compared and in a meta-analysis where 46 studies included&#44; cystatin C is considered superior than creatinine in determination of decreased GFR&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18&#44;19</span></a> Although a negative weak relation is detected in cystatin C and eGFR in our study&#44; it was not statistically significant&#46; We think that this situation might be due to the limited number of cases in the patient group&#46; In the study where Mussap and colleagues have examined 52 type 2 diabetic patients&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> eGFR has decreased from 120<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#47;m&#47;1&#46;73<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> to 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#47;m&#47;1&#46;73<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> and cystatin C has increased more than the serum creatinine has&#46; The association between Cystatin C and eGFR was detected stronger than the serum creatinine&#46;</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the study of Surendar et al&#46; in Indians who have glucose intolerance&#44; it was determined that cystatin C levels have increased as comparative with glucose intolerance and the highest cystatin C levels were found in the group which had microalbuminuria and retinopathy&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> In our study&#44; no difference was detected in terms of retinopathy among the groups and cystatin C levels were found highest in the normoalbuminuric group&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the previous study&#44; ROC analysis made for identifying the diagnostic profile of serum cystatin C in predicting eGFR &#60;60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#47;dk&#47;1&#46;73<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> in the type 2 diabetic patients and as similar to our study&#44; cut-off value is detected as 1&#46;06<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dl&#44; the sensitivity of serum cystatin C level is 81&#37; and the specificity is detected as&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> As pursuant to our study&#44; serum cystatin C level of the normoalbuminuric is detected as significantly higher than the patients with GFR of &#8804;60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#47;dk&#47;1&#46;73<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#46; This makes us think that cystatin C levels of serum and urine are related with the subclinical failure and may be the kidney uptake reagents which are measurable in the period earlier than the onset of albuminuria&#46; In the study of Yang and friends&#44; serum cystatin C level showed correlation with MA level&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a></p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">When we consider the relation between serum cystatin C and serum creatinine levels and MDRD in whole study population we determined that the predictive ability of serum creatinine for GFR was higher&#46; This result&#44; which is discordant with the majority of the literature&#44; can be connected to the insufficiency of the cases in patient groups&#44; selecting the case from the patients who have early period DN and formation of 25&#37; of the total patient population by microalbuminuric patient group&#46;</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the microalbuminuric patient group and in the patient group with GFR &#60;60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#47;m&#47;1&#46;73<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> or &#62;60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#47;m&#47;1&#46;73<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#44; negative and significant association was found&#46; This patient group was the sole patient group with MA&#46; This group was made up from older patients than normoalbuminuric and two other patient groups with GFR &#62;90<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#47;m&#47;1&#46;73<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#46; It is known that the serum cystatin C level increases with advancing age&#46; The presence of significant difference among the patient groups in terms of age&#44; can be seen as another factor which limits our study&#46;</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In both studies&#44; high serum cystatin C level is associated with the previous coronary heart disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24&#44;25</span></a> As similar to these studies&#44; we have found positive significant correlation between CAD and serum cystatin C in the whole patient cohort&#46;</p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">One of the cytokines which is responsible for DN initiation and progression is TGF-&#946;&#46; It is proven that TGF-&#946; intervenes to all pathological changes which depend on the diabetic kidney disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> TGF-&#946; causes kidney cell hypertrophy and excessive extracellular matrix production in interstitial fibroblasts&#44; glomerular and tubular cells&#46;</p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In experimental DM&#44; glomerular and tubule-interstitial compartments&#44; expresses TGF-&#946; or TGF-&#946; type II receptor&#46; Although the kidney of the non-diabetic subject removes TGF-&#946;1 from the blood&#44; kidney of a diabetic patient releases TGF-&#946;1 protein into the circulation&#46; TGF-&#946;1 level which has increased in urine is associated with adverse clinical outcomes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> In 3 patient groups which do not have MA in our study&#44; we have found the serum and urine TGF-&#946;1 levels were significantly higher in the groups with MA&#46;</p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Increased kidney TGF-&#946;1 production in the diabetic patients was examined and renal vein TGF-&#946;1 concentration was found positive in diabetic patients and negative in non-diabetic patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> Urine TGF-&#946;1 level in the diabetic patients increased fourfold than the non-diabetic patients and as contrary to our study&#44; increased urine TGF-&#946;1 excretion was present in all diabetic patients irrespective of MA status&#46;</p><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There are some limitations of our study that need to be mentioned&#46; The most important limitation of our study is the estimation of GFR measurements&#46; All estimates of GFR based on serum creatinine will be affected from physiologic and&#47;or pathologic limitations<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0300"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> and be far from ideal GFR&#46; On the other hand&#44; recent studies showed the CKD-EPI creatinine equation has similar GFR prediction in different patient population compared with the MDRD Study equation&#44; even in the earlier CKD stages&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0305"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29&#44;30</span></a> In addition&#44; the CKD-EPI creatinine-cystatin C equation is more suitable compared with standard reference for cystatin C and creatinine based equations&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0315"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a> However&#44; the cost effectiveness of the CKD-EPI creatinine-cystatin C equation for clinical use should be considered&#46; The second important limitation is the sample size of the study groups&#46; But we wanted to be sure about patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus without known overt diabetic nephropathy&#46; Larger new clinical trials are recommended to determine the role of serum cystatin C&#44; serum and urine TGF-&#946;1 level as an early biomarker of diabetic nephropathy&#46; The third&#44; diabetic foot ulcer with or without concomitant peripheral arterial disease is considered as two separate disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0320"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a> In our study&#44; we did not exam the patients whether they have peripheral vascular disease&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Conclusion</span><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although urinary albumin excretion is suggested for detection of type 2 diabetic nephropathy&#44; there is group of patients with decreased eGFR but without increased urinary albumin excretion&#44; in which serum cystatin C level was indicated to be used as an early biomarker of diabetic nephropathy&#46; In addition&#44; despite that serum and urine TGF-&#946;1 levels were also significantly higher in patients with MA&#44; only increased urine TGF-&#946;1 excretion was present in all diabetic patients irrespective of MA status&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare no conflict of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objective</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To evaluate renal impairment in type 2 diabetic patients with normoalbuminuria or microalbuminuria by detection of serum cystatin C and serum and urinary TGF-&#946; levels&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Cross-sectional study conducted at the Department of Endocrinology in Baskent University School of Medicine&#46; Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus without known overt diabetic nephropathy were included in the study&#46; Recruited patients were stratified into four groups&#44; matched in terms of age&#44; gender&#44; microalbuminuria level and estimated GFR calculated with MDRD&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">78 patients were enrolled&#46; They were categorized into four groups depending on their urinary albumin excretion and estimated glomerular filtration rate&#46;</p><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Macrovascular complication was found to be higher in patients with microalbuminuria than in other patients &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;01&#41;&#44; but there were no differences in terms of other diabetic complications&#46; Serum cystatin C level was significantly higher in normoalbuminuric group one patients&#44; while serum and urinary TGF-&#946;1 levels were higher in microalbuminuric group two patients&#46; The serum level of cystatin C was found to negatively correlate with eGFR in group two patients &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8722;0&#46;892&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#46; Finally&#44; there was a negative correlation between eGFR and cystatin C in all the patient groups &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8722;0&#46;726&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Although urinary albumin excretion is recommended for the detection of type two diabetic nephropathy&#44; there is a group of patients with decreased eGFR but without increased urinary albumin excretion&#44; in which serum cystatin C level was indicated to be used as an early biomarker of diabetic nephropathy&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
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        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Evaluar la insuficiencia renal en pacientes con diabetes tipo 2 con normoalbuminuria o microalbuminuria mediante la detecci&#243;n de la concentraci&#243;n de cistatina C en suero y de TGF-&#946; en suero y orina&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">M&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudio transversal realizado en el Departamento de Endocrinolog&#237;a de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de Baskent&#46; En el estudio&#44; se incluy&#243; a pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 sin nefropat&#237;a diab&#233;tica manifiesta conocida&#46; Los pacientes seleccionados se estratificaron en 4 grupos&#44; agrupados en t&#233;rminos de edad&#44; sexo&#44; grado de microalbuminuria y filtraci&#243;n glomerular estimada &#40;FGe&#41; calculada mediante la f&#243;rmula MDRD&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se incluy&#243; a 78 pacientes&#46; Se clasificaron en 4 grupos dependiendo de la excreci&#243;n urinaria de alb&#250;mina y de la FGe&#46;</p><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se observ&#243; que la complicaci&#243;n macrovascular era mayor en los pacientes con microalbuminuria que en otros &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;01&#41;&#44; pero no hubo diferencias con relaci&#243;n a otras complicaciones diab&#233;ticas&#46; La concentraci&#243;n s&#233;rica de cistatina C fue significativamente mayor en los pacientes del grupo 1 con normoalbuminuria&#44; mientras que las concentraciones de TGF-&#946;1 en suero y orina fueron mayores en los pacientes del grupo 2 con microalbuminuria&#46; Se observ&#243; una correlaci&#243;n negativa entre la concentraci&#243;n s&#233;rica de cistatina C y la FGe en los pacientes del grupo 2 &#40;r<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8722;0&#44;892&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41;&#46; Por &#250;ltimo&#44; se observ&#243; una correlaci&#243;n negativa entre la FGe y la cistatina C en todos los grupos de pacientes &#40;r<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8722;0&#44;726&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Aunque se recomienda la excreci&#243;n urinaria de alb&#250;mina para la detecci&#243;n de la nefropat&#237;a diab&#233;tica tipo 2&#44; hay un grupo de pacientes con disminuci&#243;n de la FGe&#44; pero sin aumento de la excreci&#243;n urinaria de alb&#250;mina&#44; en los que estaba indicado usar la concentraci&#243;n de cistatina C en suero como un biomarcador temprano de nefropat&#237;a diab&#233;tica&#46;</p></span>"
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            "identificador" => "abst0035"
            "titulo" => "Resultados"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Correlation of serum cystatin C with eGFR in all four study groups&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Correlation of serum cystatin C with microalbuminuria in all four study groups&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">ROC curve which is obtained for cystatin C&#46;</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Group 1 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>20&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Group 2 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>21&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Group 3 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>17&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Group 4 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>20&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Age&#44; years&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">62&#46;9 &#40;5&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">59&#46;7 &#40;6&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">49&#46;0 &#40;8&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">53&#46;7 &#40;8&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0&#46;001</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Duration of Diabetes Mellitus&#44; months&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">116&#46;4 &#40;100&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">127&#46;4 &#40;96&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">96&#46;0 &#40;71&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">78&#46;0 &#40;45&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;243&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">BMI&#44; kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">29&#46;6 &#40;4&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">32&#46;0 &#40;5&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">32&#46;2 &#40;6&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">31&#46;6 &#40;5&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;430&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Glucose&#44; mg&#47;dL&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">118&#46;8 &#40;26&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">152&#46;1 &#40;62&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">143&#46;9 &#40;42&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">121&#46;1 &#40;32&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0&#46;043</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">HbA1c&#44; &#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6&#46;1 &#40;0&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6&#46;9 &#40;1&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&#46;3 &#40;1&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6&#46;7 &#40;1&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0&#46;028</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Creatinine&#44; mg&#47;dL&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;2 &#40;0&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;9 &#40;0&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;6 &#40;0&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;6 &#40;0&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0&#46;001</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Albumin&#44; g&#47;dL&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4&#46;2 &#40;0&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4&#46;2 &#40;0&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4&#46;3 &#40;0&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4&#46;3 &#40;0&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;559&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">HDL-Cholesterol&#44; mg&#47;dL&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">41&#46;2 &#40;10&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">38&#46;4 &#40;7&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">39&#46;8 &#40;10&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">40&#46;5 &#40;5&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;774&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">LDL-Cholesterol&#44; mg&#47;dL&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">102&#46;6 &#40;35&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">115&#46;3 &#40;34&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">129&#46;6 &#40;30&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">105&#46;9 &#40;29&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;079&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Triglyceride&#44; mg&#47;dL&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">148&#46;3 &#40;91&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">174&#46;8 &#40;79&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">175&#46;9 &#40;50&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">184&#46;6 &#40;68&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;074&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Sedimentation rate&#44; mm&#47;hour&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">22&#46;3 &#40;14&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">15&#46;1 &#40;10&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">13&#46;4 &#40;5&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">14&#46;2 &#40;8&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;412&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">hsCRP&#44; mg&#47;dL&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&#46;1 &#40;4&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6&#46;0 &#40;7&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&#46;5 &#40;5&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&#46;6 &#40;5&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;969&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">9 &#40;45&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">10 &#40;47&#46;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1 &#40;5&#46;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#40;10&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0&#46;003</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7 &#40;33&#46;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2 &#40;11&#46;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4 &#40;20&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;454&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Diabetic Foot&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1 &#40;4&#46;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0 &#40;&#37;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0 &#40;&#37;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;432&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Neuropathy&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">9 &#40;42&#46;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2 &#40;11&#46;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5 &#40;25&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;096&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;1 &#40;0&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;7 &#40;0&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0&#46;001</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0&#46;022</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">539&#46;3 &#40;204&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">442&#46;2 &#40;214&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0&#46;022</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">MA&#44; mg&#47;24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">18&#46;0 &#40;5&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">89&#46;8 &#40;37&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">22&#46;2 &#40;8&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">16&#46;3 &#40;5&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0&#46;001</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0090" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estimated GFR&#44; cystatin C&#44; serum and urine TGF-&#946;1&#44; and MA levels in study groups&#46;</p>"
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    ]
    "bibliografia" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "References"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "bibs0005"
          "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:32 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0165"
              "etiqueta" => "1"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Diabetic nephropathy&#58; prevention and treatment"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "H&#46;H&#46; Parving"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1046/j.1523-1755.2001.00020.x"
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Kidney Int"
                        "fecha" => "2001"
                        "volumen" => "60"
                        "paginaInicial" => "2041"
                        "paginaFinal" => "2055"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11703631"
                            "web" => "Medline"
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            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0170"
              "etiqueta" => "2"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Microalbuminuria as a predictor of clinical nephropathy in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "G&#46;C&#46; Viberti"
                            1 => "R&#46;D&#46; Hill"
                            2 => "R&#46;J&#46; Jarrett"
                            3 => "A&#46; Argyropoulos"
                            4 => "U&#46; Mahmud"
                            5 => "H&#46; Keen"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Lancet"
                        "fecha" => "1982"
                        "volumen" => "1"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1430"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1432"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2884516"
                            "web" => "Medline"
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                        ]
                        "itemHostRev" => array:3 [
                          "pii" => "S147020451370010X"
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            2 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0175"
              "etiqueta" => "3"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Kidney complications&#58; factors that protect the diabetic vasculature"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "C&#46; Rask-Madsen"
                            1 => "G&#46;L&#46; King"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1038/nm0110-40"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Nat Med"
                        "fecha" => "2010"
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