Letter to the Editor
An unusual case of peritonitis after vaginal leak in a patient on peritoneal dialysis
Un caso infrecuente de peritonitis tras fuga vaginal en un paciente en diálisis peritoneal
Ali Bakan, Alihan Oral
, Osman Kostek, Sabahat Alışır Ecder, Ali Rıza Odabaş
Corresponding author
Istanbul Medeniyet University, Goztepe Training and Research Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine, Kadiköy, Istanbul, Turkey
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The LDH values are at a scale of 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>×<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> and the platelet values are at a scale of 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>×<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "John Fredy Nieto-Ríos, Lina María Serna-Higuita, Estefanía Calle-Botero, Catalina Ocampo-Kohn, Arbey Aristizabal-Alzate, Mónica Zuluaga-Quintero, Gustavo Zuluaga-Valencia" "autores" => array:7 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "John Fredy" "apellidos" => "Nieto-Ríos" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Lina María" "apellidos" => "Serna-Higuita" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Estefanía" "apellidos" => "Calle-Botero" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Catalina" "apellidos" => "Ocampo-Kohn" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Arbey" "apellidos" => "Aristizabal-Alzate" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Mónica" "apellidos" => "Zuluaga-Quintero" ] 6 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Gustavo" "apellidos" => "Zuluaga-Valencia" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "es" => array:9 [ "pii" => "S0211699515001563" "doi" => "10.1016/j.nefro.2015.07.008" "estado" => "S300" "subdocumento" => "" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0211699515001563?idApp=UINPBA000064" ] ] "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2013251416000092?idApp=UINPBA000064" "url" => "/20132514/0000003600000001/v2_201703300133/S2013251416000092/v2_201703300133/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:15 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Letter to the Editor</span>" "titulo" => "An unusual case of peritonitis after vaginal leak in a patient on peritoneal dialysis" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "saludo" => "Dear Editor," "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "85" "paginaFinal" => "86" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "Ali Bakan, Alihan Oral, Osman Kostek, Sabahat Alışır Ecder, Ali Rıza Odabaş" "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Ali" "apellidos" => "Bakan" ] 1 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Alihan" "apellidos" => "Oral" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "dr.alihanoral@gmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Osman" "apellidos" => "Kostek" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Sabahat Alışır" "apellidos" => "Ecder" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Ali Rıza" "apellidos" => "Odabaş" ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "entidad" => "Istanbul Medeniyet University, Goztepe Training and Research Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine, Kadiköy, Istanbul, Turkey" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Corresponding author</span>." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Un caso infrecuente de peritonitis tras fuga vaginal en un paciente en diálisis peritoneal" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1767 "Ancho" => 904 "Tamanyo" => 108902 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Arrows shows vaginal leak.</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) is used as an alternative to hemodialysis and has very few complications which include abdominal hernia, peritonitis, processus vaginalis, pleural leakage, and those related to the catheter exit site.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> It may occasionally be complicated by leakage of dialysate fluid into the abnormal sites.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2,3</span></a> We report a case of a woman who experienced vaginal leakage during CAPD and after peritonitis.</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A 24 year old female patient was diagnosed with end stage renal disease during pregnancy. There was no other etiological factor, but hypertension. Patient was recommended 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>hours of hemodialysis, but she refused and gave birth to a living child on the 38th gestational week. She has been on CAPD for the last 3 months. Since last week she has started to have abdominal pain accompanied with nausea and fever (>38<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C). With these complaints she was referred to our policlinic and her peritoneal fluid cell count was found 4860/mm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span> (95% polymorphonuclear leukocytes). Cultures were obtained and she was admitted to our hospital with the diagnosis of peritonitis. Blood analysis showed leucocytes 9000/mm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>, hemoglobin: 8.8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g/dl (11.5–16), C-reactive protein: 14.2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/dl (0–0.5), sedimentation: 135<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm/hour. <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pseudomonas aeruginosa</span> was detected in blood cultures. She was on empiric ceftazidime and cefazolin treatment and treatment was continued because <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P. aeruginosa</span> was found sensitive to this treatment. Urine culture remained sterile. Patient stated that there is dialysate in her vagina. She was consulted with obstetrics and gynecology regarding any fistulas. A urine catheter was placed and it is understood that origin of dialysate was vagina. Contrast enhanced computerized tomography was done showing a vaginal fistula (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0005">Figs. 1 and 2</a>). CAPD catheter was removed. Surgical operation was found unnecessary and hemodialysis was started. Patient was discharged after 3 weeks of ant biotherapy.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients on CAPD have an increased risk of both hernia formation and dialysate leakage as an intraperitoneal pressure related complications. One of the rare peritoneal fluid leakage is through processus vaginalis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> and main mechanisms include leakage through the fallopian tube and then the uterus and vagina, or leakage through a fistula between the uterus and the peritoneal cavity formed after surgery.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> One of the reason for fistula formation is peritonitis which is often caused by skin bacteria penetration via transvisceral, transvaginal or hematogenous spread of organisms, and the CAPD catheter can become colonized by bacteria creating a biofilm that repeatedly seeds the peritoneum.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In our case, a rare entity; vaginal fistula and also another rarely seen clinic; peritonitis secondary to vaginal fluid were present. Probably secondary to the fistula, peritonitis developed and after peritonitis, fluid from fistula tract has increased and caused vaginal leakage.</p></span>" "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar9005">Please cite this article as: Bakan A, Oral A, Kostek O, Ecder SA, Odabaş AR, et al. An unusual case of peritonitis after vaginal leak in a patient on peritoneal dialysis. Nefrologia. 2016;36:85–86.</p>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1606 "Ancho" => 900 "Tamanyo" => 159112 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Arrows shows vaginal leak.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1767 "Ancho" => 904 "Tamanyo" => 108902 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Arrows shows vaginal leak.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:4 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0025" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Safety and efficacy of percutaneous insertion of peritoneal dialysis catheters under sedation and local anaesthetic" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "S. Henderson" 1 => "E. Brown" 2 => "J. Levy" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1093/ndt/gfp312" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Nephrol Dial Transplant" "fecha" => "2009" "volumen" => "24" "paginaInicial" => "3499" "paginaFinal" => "3504" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19556299" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0030" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Early and late peritoneal dialysate leaks in patients on CAPD" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "A.H. Tzamaloukas" 1 => "L.J. Gibel" 2 => "B. Eisenberg" 3 => "R.S. Goldman" 4 => "S.P. Kanig" 5 => "P.G. Zager" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Adv Perit Dial" "fecha" => "1990" "volumen" => "6" "paginaInicial" => "64" "paginaFinal" => "70" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1982843" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0035" "etiqueta" => "3" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Dialysate leaks in peritoneal dialysis" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "M. Leblanc" 1 => "D. Ouimet" 2 => "V. Pichette" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Semin Dial" "fecha" => "2001" "volumen" => "14" "paginaInicial" => "50" "paginaFinal" => "54" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11208040" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0040" "etiqueta" => "4" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis rates and outcomes in a national cohort are not improving in the post-millennium (2000–2007)" ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.3747/pdi.2010.00185" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Perit Dial Int" "fecha" => "2011" "volumen" => "31" "numero" => "6" "paginaInicial" => "639" "paginaFinal" => "650" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21804138" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "url" => "/20132514/0000003600000001/v2_201703300133/S2013251416000080/v2_201703300133/en/main.assets" "Apartado" => array:4 [ "identificador" => "35436" "tipo" => "SECCION" "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Letters to the Editor" "idiomaDefecto" => true ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" ] "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/20132514/0000003600000001/v2_201703300133/S2013251416000080/v2_201703300133/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA000064&text.app=https://revistanefrologia.com/" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2013251416000080?idApp=UINPBA000064" ]
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