Letter to the Editor
Cloudy peritoneal dialysate effluent due to graft intolerance syndrome
Efluente peritoneal turbio debido a un síndrome de intolerancia al injerto renal
Sandra Beltrán-Catalán
, Belén Vizcaino-Castillo, Pablo Molina-Vila, Marco Montomoli, Luis Manuel Pallardó-Mateu, Ana Ávila-Bernabeu
Corresponding author
Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, Valencia, Spain
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"identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Belén" "apellidos" => "Vizcaino-Castillo" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Pablo" "apellidos" => "Molina-Vila" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Marco" "apellidos" => "Montomoli" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Luis Manuel" "apellidos" => "Pallardó-Mateu" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Ana" "apellidos" => "Ávila-Bernabeu" ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, Valencia, Spain" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Corresponding author</span>." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Efluente peritoneal turbio debido a un síndrome de intolerancia al injerto renal" ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The presence of cloudy peritoneal fluid (PF) in patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD) usually occurs in the context of infectious peritonitis. For this diagnosis, two of the following three criteria must be met: (1) the presence of abdominal pain, (2) cloudy fluid with more than 100 leukocytes/μL and more than 50% of them polymorphonucleocytes, and (3) positive culture from PF.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> There are many causes of cloudy PF due to a high cell count. Inflammation of juxtaperitoneal organs (pancreatitis, cholecystitis, splenic infarct, appendicitis, etc.) can increase the number of polymorphonuclear lymphocytes in PF. An increase in PF lymphocytes has also been described with the use of icodextrin,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> tuberculous peritonitis, viral gastroenteritis,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> and in one case of acute rejection in graft failure,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> all with negative PF culture. We describe a new case of cloudy PF with a predominance of lymphocytes and negative culture in a patient with a non-functioning renal graft on PD.</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This was a 67-year-old man with chronic kidney disease of unknown aetiology, who started haemodialysis in 2005, and in January 2009 received a renal graft from a cadaveric donor. Six months post-transplant, a renal biopsy was done because of graft dysfunction and a diagnosis was made of nephritis secondary to BK polyomavirus. The patient continued with the dysfunctional graft until March 2012 when he restarted haemodialysis. After 3 months of haemodialysis, the patient expressed his wish to be transferred to PD and in July 2012 he started continuous ambulatory PD (CAPD). At that time, the patient was receiving 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/day of tacrolimus (blood level 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/dL), prednisolone had been stopped 2 months before starting PD, and he had a residual diuresis of 500–700<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL/day. As the patient had had viraemia positive for BK virus, and therefore could not be re-added to the waiting list, we decided to stop tacrolimus to try to get a negative viral load.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> Two months later, the patient presented with symptoms of diffuse abdominal pain, worst in the zone of the graft, with a low-grade fever, and cloudy PF. Diuresis had decreased to 400<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL/day, and there was no failure of ultrafiltration with his regular CAPD routine. Physical exam revealed mild tenderness on palpation of the graft, with no peritonism. Blood tests showed anaemia despite high doses of erythropoietic agents and a CRP of 185<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/L, and there were no signs of systemic infection. Urine had minimal proteinuria and haematuria without leukocyturia. The PF cell count showed 300 leukocytes/μL with 35.7% polymorphonucleocytes and 64.3% lymphocytes. Doppler-echo confirmed the presence of graft flow. Due to the apparent clinical picture of graft intolerance and lack of criteria for a diagnosis of infectious peritonitis, we decided to start treatment with corticoids at a dose of 0.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/kg/day without adding intraperitoneal antibiotics. Forty-eight hours later, the patient showed a significant clinical improvement with resolution of pain at the graft site and resolution of the cloudy PF. Subsequently, all cultures, including PF, were confirmed negative. Peritoneal fluid cytology was performed with immunohistochemistry techniques and flow cytometry, showing a predominance of T lymphocytes (CD-3 positive). Finally, in March 2013 we performed graft embolisation, after a biopsy. The biopsy showed humoral rejection with vasculitis, tubulitis, and presence of C4d in the peritubular capillaries. Following a reducing dose of steroids and graft embolisation, the patient had no further cloudy PF, and negative cultures as long as he remained on PD.</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Discussion</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cloudy PF in PD can be due to multiple causes. Although the most common cause is infectious peritonitis, other possibilities should be considered. The management of immunosuppression in transplant patients starting PD is controversial; maintenance immunosuppression can increase the incidence of infection and neoplasia, but its withdrawal leads to accelerated loss of residual renal function and the possible occurrence of graft intolerance syndrome. In this patient with significant cumulative immunosuppression, as soon as cloudy PF was noted, infectious peritonitis was the main diagnosis of suspicion. However, as we have seen, if not all the criteria for infectious peritonitis are present, and above all, there is a predominance of lymphocytes in the PF, we must look for other causes of cloudy PF. We think that graft intolerance must be in the differential diagnosis of cloudy PF in patients with a dysfunctional renal graft on PD.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 1 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as: Beltrán-Catalán S, Vizcaino-Castillo B, Molina-Vila P, Montomoli M, Pallardó-Mateu LM, Ávila-Bernabeu A. Efluente peritoneal turbio debido a un síndrome de intolerancia al injerto renal. Nefrologia. 2016;36:198–199.</p>" ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:5 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0030" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Sterile peritonitis in the peritoneal dialysis patient" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "D.G. De Freitas" 1 => "R. 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Taminne" 5 => "M.A. Perrier" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/S0140-6736(05)17908-2" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Lancet" "fecha" => "2005" "volumen" => "365" "numero" => "9459" "paginaInicial" => "588" "paginaFinal" => "594" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15708102" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0040" "etiqueta" => "3" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Peritoneal dialysis: a clinical update" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "C. Ronco" 1 => "R. Dell’Aquila" 2 => "M.P. Rodighiero" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1159/000093594" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Contrib Nephrol" "fecha" => "2006" "volumen" => "150" "paginaInicial" => "187" "paginaFinal" => "194" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16721010" "web" => "Medline" ] ] "itemHostRev" => array:3 [ "pii" => "S0735109700007749" "estado" => "S300" "issn" => "07351097" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0045" "etiqueta" => "4" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Sterile peritonitis with monocytic predominance secondary to acute rejection of a previously failed renal allograft" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "R. Yalavarthy" 1 => "I. Teitelbaum" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Perit Dial Int" "fecha" => "2007" "volumen" => "27" "paginaInicial" => "466" "paginaFinal" => "467" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17602159" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0050" "etiqueta" => "5" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Polyomavirus-associated nephropathy in renal transplantation interdisciplinary analyses and recommendations" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "H.H. Hirsch" 1 => "D.C. Brennan" 2 => "C.B. Drachenberg" 3 => "F. Ginevri" 4 => "J. Gordon" 5 => "A.P. Limaye" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Transplantation" "fecha" => "2005" "volumen" => "79" "paginaInicial" => "1277" "paginaFinal" => "1281" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15912088" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "url" => "/20132514/0000003600000002/v4_201703310238/S2013251415000644/v4_201703310238/en/main.assets" "Apartado" => array:4 [ "identificador" => "35436" "tipo" => "SECCION" "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Letters to the Editor" "idiomaDefecto" => true ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" ] "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/20132514/0000003600000002/v4_201703310238/S2013251415000644/v4_201703310238/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA000064&text.app=https://revistanefrologia.com/" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2013251415000644?idApp=UINPBA000064" ]
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| 2020 April | 33 | 21 | 54 |
| 2020 March | 38 | 17 | 55 |
| 2020 February | 44 | 25 | 69 |
| 2020 January | 40 | 23 | 63 |
| 2019 December | 61 | 29 | 90 |
| 2019 November | 22 | 26 | 48 |
| 2019 October | 20 | 11 | 31 |
| 2019 September | 31 | 15 | 46 |
| 2019 August | 20 | 21 | 41 |
| 2019 July | 22 | 26 | 48 |
| 2019 June | 50 | 32 | 82 |
| 2019 May | 31 | 20 | 51 |
| 2019 April | 60 | 51 | 111 |
| 2019 March | 35 | 20 | 55 |
| 2019 February | 39 | 24 | 63 |
| 2019 January | 33 | 28 | 61 |
| 2018 December | 91 | 36 | 127 |
| 2018 November | 152 | 28 | 180 |
| 2018 October | 156 | 13 | 169 |
| 2018 September | 86 | 19 | 105 |
| 2018 August | 48 | 23 | 71 |
| 2018 July | 56 | 16 | 72 |
| 2018 June | 69 | 15 | 84 |
| 2018 May | 72 | 17 | 89 |
| 2018 April | 78 | 4 | 82 |
| 2018 March | 75 | 12 | 87 |
| 2018 February | 54 | 8 | 62 |
| 2018 January | 59 | 9 | 68 |
| 2017 December | 83 | 7 | 90 |
| 2017 November | 45 | 17 | 62 |
| 2017 October | 43 | 11 | 54 |
| 2017 September | 38 | 8 | 46 |
| 2017 August | 34 | 8 | 42 |
| 2017 July | 43 | 13 | 56 |
| 2017 June | 47 | 26 | 73 |
| 2017 May | 54 | 22 | 76 |
| 2017 April | 52 | 9 | 61 |
| 2017 March | 28 | 7 | 35 |
| 2017 February | 37 | 9 | 46 |
| 2017 January | 35 | 10 | 45 |
| 2016 December | 48 | 17 | 65 |
| 2016 November | 60 | 14 | 74 |
| 2016 October | 61 | 13 | 74 |
| 2016 September | 91 | 2 | 93 |
| 2016 August | 100 | 3 | 103 |
| 2016 July | 146 | 6 | 152 |
| 2016 June | 135 | 0 | 135 |
| 2016 May | 136 | 0 | 136 |
| 2016 April | 94 | 0 | 94 |
| 2016 March | 66 | 0 | 66 |
| 2016 February | 86 | 0 | 86 |
| 2016 January | 70 | 0 | 70 |
| 2015 December | 53 | 0 | 53 |
| 2015 November | 43 | 0 | 43 |
| 2015 October | 68 | 0 | 68 |
| 2015 September | 8 | 0 | 8 |
Show all
