ReviewNovel adaptive and innate immunity targets in hypertension
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Section snippets
T and B lymphocytes
The hallmark cell types of the adaptive immune system are T and B lymphocytes. T cells are activated after interaction with an antigen presenting cell (APC), then proliferate and differentiate into one of three effector subtypes: cytotoxic, helper, or regulatory T cells. Recent work shows an evolving role of the T cell in the development of HTN and chronic kidney disease. Studies utilizing genetic knockout of the recombination activating gene1 (RAG1) gene, which is essential for T and B cell
Antigen presenting cells
While many studies have documented the contribution of the adaptive immune response in HTN, it is classically understood that activation of innate immunity through APCs is a required and initiating step. This was substantiated by experiments performed by Vinh et al., which demonstrated that T cell activation and the development of DOCA/salt HTN was dependent upon T cell coreceptor CD28 costimulation by APC B7 ligands [44]. Furthermore, depletion of APCs such as macrophages and neutrophils, or
Implications
Recent reports indicate that only 54% of hypertensive patients in 2009–2012 had their hypertension under control [74]. Outside of dietary and lifestyle changes, pharmacological agents, which primarily treat the symptoms rather than the cause of HTN, have been the first line of therapy, but these approaches are not fully effective [74]. This indicates a clear need to identify new and improved treatment strategies; this review, among others, summarizes the role of the immune system and
Funding sources
DK96859, HL116264, 15SFRN2391002, and AHA16POST29900004.
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