Immunomodulatory therapy for the management of severe COVID-19. Beyond the anti-viral therapy: A comprehensive review
Keywords
Acute respiratory distress syndrome
COVID-19
Cytokine storm
Immunosuppressive
SARS-CoV-2
Treatment
Abbreviations
ACE-2
Angiotensin-converting enzyme-2
AD
Autoimmune diseases
ADE
Antibody dependent enhancement
ADRS
Acute distress respiratory syndrome
APC
Antigen-presenting cells
aPL
Antiphospholipid antibodies
CD
Cluster of differentiation or cluster of designation or classification determinant
CDC
Centres for disease control
COVID-19
Coronavirus disease 2019
CQ
Chloroquine
CyA
Cyclosporine A
FDA
Food and Drugs Administration
GCS
Glucocorticoids
HCQ
Hydroxychloroquine
HPS
Haemophagocytic syndrome
IFNγ
Interferon gamma
IL
Interleukin
JAK
Janus-Kinase family of enzymes (JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, TYK2)
IVIG
Intravenous immunoglobulins
MDA5
Melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5
MHC-II
Major histocompatibility type-II
LMWH
Low-molecular weight heparin
MAS
Macrophage activation syndrome
MERS-CoV
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus
mTOR
Mammalian target of Rapamycin
NHC
National Health Council
NK
natural killer cells
NF-kβ
Nuclear Factor-Kβ
PIC
Pulmonary intravascular coagulation
PTE
Pulmonary thromboembolism
RA
Rheumatoid arthritis
SARS-CoV-2
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2
SLE
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
TCZ
Tocilizumab
TLR
Toll-Like Receptor
TNF-α
Tumour necrosis factor-alpha
TRAASVIR
Thrombotic Risk Associated with Antiphospholipid Syndrome after Viral infection
TRALI
Transfusion-related acute lung injury
TGF-β
Transforming growth factor-beta
Tregs
Regulatory T-cells
WHO
World Health Organization
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© 2020 Published by Elsevier B.V.