Key messages
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Incidence of acute kidney injury is steadily increasing in low-income and high-income countries; however, the distribution of causes differs dependent on the location
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Presence of more than one comorbidity results in high severity of illness scores in every medical setting of acute kidney injury
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Pre-existing chronic kidney disease is a potent risk factor for acute kidney injury
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Development or progression of chronic kidney disease after one or more episode of acute kidney injury has substantial socioeconomic and public health effects in high-income and low-income countries