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Vol. 43. Issue. 4.July - August 2023
Pages 383-516
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Vol. 43. Issue. 4.July - August 2023
Pages 383-516
Letter to the Editor
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Cardiorenal prevention as the key player in the reduction of all-cause mortality
La prevención Cardiorenal como elemento clave en la reducción de la mortalidad por cualquier causa
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Antonio Gippinia,
Corresponding author
agippiniperez@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, Alberto Pradob
a Endocrinology Service, Hospitalary Complex Ourense, National Health System, Spain
b Cardiovascular Renal Metabolism (CVRM), Medical Department, AstraZeneca, Spain
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Table 1. Events-rate per 1000 person-years in PBO groups, ACM in dapagliflozin-treated groups and ARR in ACM.
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Dear Editor,

Recently it has been published in this journal a consensus document about Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) management including prevention and treatment strategies of CKD itself and associated comorbidities.1

In a previous publication2 we reported the existence of a statistically significant correlation between event rates in the placebo (PBO) groups and cardiovascular death (CVD) relative risk reduction in SGLT2i treated groups in the EMPA-REG-OUTCOME, CANVAS and DECLARE-TIMI-58 trials, when subpopulations with and without previous atherosclerotic events were taken separately. Also, in the Dapagliflozin and Prevention of Adverse Outcomes in Heart Failure trial (DAPA-HF),3 the outcome All-Cause Mortality (ACM) was assigned to 276 (11.6%) subjects in the Dapagliflozin-treated group, while it was assigned to 329 (13.9%) subjects in the PBO group, namely an absolute Risk Reduction (ARR) of 2.3% (Table 1).

Table 1.

Events-rate per 1000 person-years in PBO groups, ACM in dapagliflozin-treated groups and ARR in ACM.

  DAPA-HF  McMurrayCKD without CV disease  McMurrayCKD with CV disease  McMurrayCKD without HF  McMurrayCKD with HF  WiviottT2D with MCVRF  WiviottT2D with ACVD 
Events-Rate in PBO groups  13.9  3.9  11.7  5.5  17.2  2.3  3.4 
ACM in DAPA groups (%)  11.6  2.5  8.4  4.0  10.2  2.2  2.9 
ARR in ACM (%)  2.3  1.4  3.3  1.5  7.0  0.1  0.5 

PBO: placebo; ACM: all-cause mortality; DAPA: dapagliflozin; CKD: chronic kidney disease; HF: heart failure; T2D: type 2 diabetes; MCVRF: multiple cardiovascular risk factors; ACVD: atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; ARR: absolute risk reduction; ACM: all-cause mortality.

Thus, since significant cardiovascular (CV) and renal protection in patients treated with Dapagliflozin has been observed in these large clinical trials, we decided to find out if there is a similar correlation to that reported in our previous letter, but now in a broad spectrum of patients in different clinical situations and affected at baseline by different degrees of risk, expressed by the number of deaths per 1000 Patients-year in the PBO groups. For this purpose, we selected several population groups in which dapagliflozin was widely tested, such as patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D), CV disease, heart failure (HF) and CKD.

In a study performed by McMurray et al.4 in Patients with CKD without and with CV disease, within the population without CV disease at baseline 33 (2.5%) and 53 (3.9%) deaths occurred in the Dapagliflozin-treated and PBO groups respectively (ARR 1.4%); moreover, within the population with CV disease at baseline 68 (8.4%) and 93 (11.7%) deaths occurred in the Dapagliflozin-treated and PBO groups respectively (ARR 3.3%) (Table 1).

Also, in other study performed by McMurray et al.5 in Patients with CKD without and with HF, within the population without HF at baseline 77 (4.0%) and 106 (5.5%) deaths occurred in the Dapagliflozin-treated and PBO groups respectively (ARR 1.5%). On the other hand, in the population with HF 24 deaths (10.2%) occurred in the Dapagliflozin group and 40 deaths (17.2%) occurred in the PBO group; (ARR 7.0%) (Table 1).

In a study performed by Wiviott et al.6 in patients with T2D, within the population with multiple CV risk factors there were 111 (2.2%) and 118 (2.3%) deaths in the Dapagliflozin-treated and PBO groups respectively (ARR 0.1%); furthermore, within the population with atherosclerotic CV disease at baseline 100 (2.9%) and 120 (3.4%) deaths occurred in the Dapagliflozin-treated and PBO groups respectively (ARR 0.5%) (Table 1).

Using a similar statistical assessment to that used in our previous letter, we analyzed data published in the aforementioned studies and we found a significant correlation between event rates in the PBO groups and absolute risk reduction of ACM in the Dapagliflozin-treated groups; Rho Spearman 0.7857; p 0.0362 (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1.

Significant correlation between event rates in the placebo groups and absolute risk reduction of ACM in Dapagliflozin groups.

(0.18MB).

We think that our finding is of special interest because it strongly suggests that Dapagliflozin treatment leads to a reduction in ACM in a broad spectrum of patients in different clinical situations affected by different degrees of CV and renal risk, from those with a low probability of having a fatal event, to those with high risk of death due to the presence of cardiac and/or kidney advanced disease, both in T2D and non-T2D patients. In conclusion, we believe that it is reasonable to affirm that the protection provided by dapagliflozin is more pronounced if the intrinsic risk of the patient is higher, and since this benefit begins in early stages of CV disease, the early treatment with Dapagliflozin may be an adequate option to take in account in the clinical setting.

Conflict of interest

Antonio Gippini has received fees for presentations and advisory boards from Amgen, AstraZeneca, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Esteve, Ferrer, Janssen, Lilly, Mundipharma, Mylan, Novartis and NovoNordisk.

Alberto Prado works in Cardiovascular Renal and Metabolism (CVRM) Medical Department of AstraZeneca, Spain.

References
[1]
R. García-Maset, et al.
Documento de información y consenso para la detección y manejo de la enfermedad renal crónica.
[2]
A. Gippini, A. Prado.
Studies with molecules within the same class, but with different designs yield different results, EMPA-REG, CANVAS and DECLARE.
Rev Esp Cardiol, 72 (2019), pp. 1095-1096
[3]
J.J.V. McMurray, S.D. Solomon, S.E. Inzucchi, et al.
Dapagliflozin in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction.
N Engl J Med, 381 (2019), pp. 1995-2008
[4]
J.J.V. McMurray, D.C. Wheeler, B.V. Stefánsson, et al.
Effect of dapagliflozin on clinical outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease, with and without cardiovascular disease.
Circulation, 143 (2021), pp. 438-448
[5]
J.J.V. McMurray, D.C. Wheeler, B.V. Stefánsson, et al.
Effects of dapagliflozin in patients with kidney disease, with and without heart failure.
JACC: Heart Fail, 9 (2021), pp. 807-820
[6]
S.D. Wiviott, I. Raz, M.P. Bonaca, et al.
Dapagliflozin and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes.
N Engl J Med, 380 (2019), pp. 347-357
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